課程名稱︰經濟學原理與實習上
課程性質︰必修
課程教師︰駱明慶
開課學院：社會科學院
開課系所︰經濟學系
考試日期（年月日）︰94.01.14
考試時限（分鐘）：110
是否需發放獎勵金：是
（如未明確表示，則不予發放）
試題 :
2005.1.14
一、選擇題，回答正確選項即可，不需說明。每題2分，共30分。
1. The difference between accounting profit and economic profit relates to
(a) the manner in which revenues are defined.
(b) how total revenue is calculated.
(c) the manner in which costs are defined.
(d) the price of the good in the market.
2.Cold Duck Airlines flies between Tacoma and Portland. The company leases
planes on a year-long contract at a cost that averages $600 per flight. Other
costs (fuel, flight attendants, etc.) amount to $550 per flight. Currently,
Cold Duck’s revenues are $1,000 per flight. All prices and costs are
expected to continue at their present levels. If it wants to maximize profit,
Cold Duck Airlines should
(a) drop the flight immediately.
(b) continue the flight.
(c) continue flying until the lease expires and then drop the run.
(d) drop the flight now but renew the lease if conditions improve.
3.Joe’s Garage operates in a perfectly competitive market. At the point
where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, ATC = $20, AVC = $15, and the price per unit is $10. In this situation,
(a) Joe’s Garage will break even.
(b) Joe’s Garage will shut down immediately.
(c) Joe’s will lose money in the short run, but stay in business.
(d) the market price will fall in the short run.
4.The market price in a perfectly competitive industry in short-run equilibrium
is $3 and the minimum average cost for all firms is $2.50. In the long run,
we would expect an increase in
(a) each firm’s output.
(b) the number of firms.
(c) each firm’s profit.
(d) each firm’s average costs.
5.Most markets are not monopolies in the real world because
(a) firms usually face downward-sloping demand curves.
(b) supply curves slope upward.
(c) price is usually set equal to marginal cost by firms.
(d) there are reasonable substitutes for most goods.
6.Suppose potatoes were produced in Canada by many, many firms in perfect
competition. In Belgium, only one firm produces potatoes for the Belgium
market. Suppose further that for the competitive firms and the monopoly
minimum ATC is the same. We would expect that in Belgium the price of
potatoes is ____ and ___ potatoes are produced and sold than in Canada.
(a) higher; more
(b) lower; more
(c) higher; fewer
(d) lower; fewer
7.A monopolist that practices perfect price discrimination
(a) creates no deadweight loss.
(b) charges one group of buyers a higher price than another group, such as
offering a student discount.
(c) produces the same monopoly level of output as when a single price is
charged.
(d) charges some customers a price below marginal cost because costs are
covered by the high-priced buyers.
8.The cigarette industry consists of large firms that compete vigorously by
advertising heavily, which is directed at creating fantasy and image.
Economists would characterize this industry as
(a) perfectly competitive.
(b) monopolistically competitive.
(c) oligopoly.
(d) monopoly.
9.In the prisoner’s dilemma,
(a) the prisoners easily collude in order to achieve the best possible payoff
for both.
(b) only one player has a dominant strategy.
(c) playing the dominant strategy leads to a better payoff for one prisoner
than would jointly selecting a different strategy.
(d) each player has a dominant strategy.
10.Which of the following conditions distinguishes monopolistic competition
from perfect competition?
(a) number of sellers
(b) freedom of entry and exit
(c) small size firms
(d) differentiation of product
11.In the long run, freedom of entry into a market forces a ___ to charge a
price equal to average total cost, but average total cost exceeds its
minimum level.
(a) perfectly competitive firm
(b) monopolistically competitive firm
(c) oligopolistic firm
(d) pure monopoly
12.One of the reasons that Kodak and Fuji films advertise so much is that
(a) each hopes to create a natural monopoly.
(b) they are in a perfectly competitive industry where advertising is the
difference between economic and normal profits.
(c) they want to develop brand loyalty.
(d) they want to increase price elasticities of demand.
13.The imposition of tariffs and quotas on imported goods tends to cause the
(a) demand curve for domestic labor to shift to the right.
(b) demand curve for domestic labor to shift to the left.
(c) supply curve of domestic labor to shift to the right.
(d) supply curve of domestic labor to shift to the left.
14.Working in a slaughterhouse is much riskier than working in a bookstore.
As a result, we’d expect a difference in wages between the two jobs, which
is known as
(a) an efficiency wage.
(b) a compensating differential.
(c) a wage adjustment.
(d) a minimum wage.
15.The time spent by students in college
(a) leads to lower lifetime earnings because opportunity costs are high.
(b) is an investment in human capital.
(c) decreases human capital by lowering work experience.
(d) increases as the low-skilled wage rate rises.
二、非選擇題，共70分。
答題時請務必簡潔，並適當說明你的想法，答題內容以能讓閱卷人瞭解為原則。
1.(25分)
(a)(5分)
健保雙漲指的是對「健保費率」和「部分負擔」的調漲，前著增加每個人平時的保費支出
，後者增加每次看病時所需的花費。請由誘因的角度分析兩者對國人每年看病次數的影響
(b)(5分)
2003年我國的總生育率為1.2人，專家因此認為「我國婦女一生只生1.2個小孩」。你認為
呢？(提示：同年我國有偶婦女的總生育率為8.9人，卻沒有專家認為「我國結婚有配偶
的婦女一生將生8.9人」。)
(c)(5分)
解決貧窮問題是許多人關心的公共政策，日本節目「搶救貧窮大作戰」也經常描寫餐廳
生意經營不善者拜師學藝的辛苦過程。請說明有些人一方面認為應該「降低貧富差距」，
一方面認為「大學開放之後大學生太多了」，這兩種觀點有何矛盾之處？
(提示：人力資本的取得是提高所得脫離貧窮罪確定而有效的途徑。)
(d)(5分)
宜蘭縣五結鄉公所為了鼓勵鄉民守時的觀念，推行結婚喜宴準時開桌就送現金三至五千元
的活動。請從囚犯難題的角度，分析為什麼喜宴延遲開桌是一個Nash均衡。
(e)(5分)
根據主計處網站公布的2005年預算書，台糖公司的砂糖產量約為4萬7千公噸，每公斤平
均成本約41元，預計銷售量則為45萬公噸，售價為每公斤12元。請問，在價格遠低於成本
，砂糖產銷嚴重虧損的情況下，台糖公司為什麼沒有退出砂糖市場？
2. (15分)
A公司出版Mankiw的教科書，並在B國和C國銷售。假設B國的需求是Qb = 1200 – 20P，
C國的需求是Qc = 600 – 30P，教科書的生產成本包括$1000的版權費，$3000的固定資
本投入，以及每本$2的印刷費。
(a)(6分)
假設A公司在B國和C國只能以相同的價格出售，那麼售價與銷售量各為何？A公司的利潤為?
(b)(6分)
假設A公司能夠阻止售出的教科書在兩國間流通，因此可以在B國和C國採取差別取價，
此時教科書在兩國的售價和銷售量分別為何？A公司的總利潤為何？
(c)(3分)
採取差別取價之後，A公司的利潤應會增加或減少？
另外，哪個國家對教科書的需求彈性較大？
3. (15分)
假設獨占性競爭(monopolistic competition)市場中，廠商甲的長期及短期生產函數皆為
TC = 8 – 4Q + 2Q^2
(a) (4分)
短期時該廠商面對的需求函數為P = 20-6Q，試求其最適定價及產量。
(提示：此時MC = -4 + 4Q)
(b) (3分)
承(a)，此時廠商甲的利潤為何？
(c) (6分)
到了長期，其他廠商可自由進出市場，所以廠商面對的需求線因此平行移動而變成
P = a – 6Q，請問在長期均衡時，a之值為何？廠商甲的定價、產量各是多少？
(d) (2分)
承(c)，此時利潤為何？
4. (15分)
若個別廠商生產稻米之生產函數為q=5K√L 其中K為資本量，L為勞動的雇用量。
假設短期之資本量為K=1，工資率為w=5，每單位資本的租金r=5。
(a) (4分)
短期時， 廠商的成本包括資本的顧並成本含勞動的變動成本，則廠商之平均成本 (AC)、
邊際成本 (MC) 各是什麼? (提示：先寫出短期時勞動和產量的關係，再代入成本函數中)
(b) (3分)
假設稻米市場為一完全競爭市場，現在共有400家完全相同廠商，則市場的供給函數為何?
(c) (3分)
若市場的總需求是Q=4800-200P，則市場的均衡價格和交易量是多少？個別廠商的利潤為？
(d) (5分)
短期時如果有利潤存在，將導致新的廠商投入稻米市場。假設新加入的廠商與既有的廠
商使用完全相同的生產技術與資本量，則長期稻米的均衡價格和交易量為何？每家廠商
的利潤為何? 每家廠商的產量為何? 共有幾家廠商?