[試題] 1022 林淑芬 漢娜鄂蘭論思考 期末考

作者: ursaminors (ursaminor)   2014-06-23 19:33:13
課程名稱:漢娜.鄂蘭論思考
課程性質:
課程範圍:
開課教師:林淑芬
開課學院:文學院
開課系級:哲學系
考試日期(年月日):2014.6.18
考試時限(Mins):120min
附註:
試題本文:
1.
在《極權主義的起源》中,鄂蘭借用了康德在《理性限度內的宗教》所使用的語彙「根本
惡」(radical evil),但脫離了康德的脈絡,否定惡的根源在於人類可理解的動機,而
將「根本惡」理解為「極端的惡」,試論鄂蘭如何定義惡的現象?這與《人的境況》中所
揭櫫的哪一個重要概念有關?試論述之。(20分)
2.
The Human Condition 德文版書名vita activa(行動生活),鄂蘭使用vita activa來表
示哪三種根本性的人類活動?這三種人類活動又分別相應於哪三種人類境況?試申論之。
(20分)
3.
鄂蘭在〈若干道德哲學問題〉一文中,引用邱吉爾的話:「我從小就被教育而相信是永恆
和重要的事情,幾乎沒有一件延續下來,而所有我所確信,或被教導確信是不可能發生的
事,都發生了。」這句引言最主要在說明西方傳統的「道德」秩序已經全面崩潰,失去了
意義。她繼而檢視傳統關於道德的看法,文中鄂蘭認為道德既非風俗、習慣,亦非德行,
而是自明的,道德自明性首先關乎自我,而非他人。在此脈絡下,她進一步探究道德的行
為不在於受義務的約束(如康德所言),而是根據自明的某種東西去行事,即使對於其周
遭之人來說都不再是自明之理。此一自明的某種東西,即是「良知」。鄂蘭如何論述「意
識」(consciousness)和「良知」(conscience)的關聯?試論述何謂思考活動的「二合
一」(two in one)?(20分)
4.
「在這些時刻,思考不再是政治狀況中的邊緣事件。當眾人皆未加思考,伏拜於其他人所
為所信,思考者便會被人從隱匿之處推出來,因為他們的拒絕參與太明顯了,這因此就變
成了一種行動。思考中淨化的元素,及蘇格拉底的產婆之喻,帶出未受檢視之意見所隱含
的意思,並藉此摧毀價值、教條、理論,甚至信念;這樣的過程是有政治意義的。這摧毀
的功夫,對另一種人類的能力有解放之效,這能力即是判斷力。或許可以大大方方地說,
判斷力是人類心智中最具政治意義的。那是判斷特定個例,而不將之統攝到普遍規則之下
的能力,普遍規則可以教、可以學,直到變成習慣,但那也可以被另一習慣與規矩所取代
。」
「判斷特定殊例的能力(如康德所發現者),即說出『這是錯的』、『這是美的』等的能
力,並不同於思考能力。思考處理不可見的事物,不在場者的再現;判斷總是關心特定事
物及當下的問題,但兩者有內在關聯,如同意識與良知彼此關聯。如果思考,即無聲對話
的二合一過程,在我們意識的同一性中實現的差異,並因此導致了良知的產生,那麼,判
斷,這思考解放作用的副產品,便是將思考現實化,使之顯現於表象世界;在表象世界裡
,我從來沒有獨處的時候,總是太忙而無法思考。思考之風的顯現不是知識,而是辨別是
非、美醜的能力。而這在緊要關頭確實可能阻止災難的發生,至少對我而言如此。」
上述兩段文字出現於〈若干道德哲學問題〉一文的末段,試針對這兩段文字詮釋思考與判
斷的關聯?又關於所謂「判斷力是人類心智中最具政治意義的」,請以不涉利益的欣賞(
disinterested appreciation)、想像力(imagination)、表象性思考(representative
thinking)、擴展的心靈(enlarged mentality)、互為主體的(intersubjective)、
共同感(common sence)等提示,來加以論述之。(20分)
5.
“Human plurality, the basic condition of both action and speech, has the
twofold character of equality and distinction…. Speech and action reveal
this unique distinctness…. With word and deed we insert ourselves into the
human world, and this insertion is like a second birth, in which we confirm
and take upon ourselves the naked fact of our original physical appearance.
This insertion is not forced upon us by necessity, like labor, and it is not
prompted by utility, like work. It may be stimulated by the presence of
others whose company we may wish to join, but it is never conditioned by
them; its impulse springs from the beginning which came into the world when
we were born and to which we respond by beginning something new on our own
initiative. To act, in its most general sense, means to take an initiative,
to begin (as the Greek word archein, "to begin," "to lead," and eventually
"to rule," indicates), to set something into motion (which is the original
meaning of the Latin agere). Because they are initium, newcomers and
beginners by virtue of birth, men take initiative, are prompted into action.
[Initium] ergo ut esset, creatus est homo, ante quern nullus fuit ("that
there be a beginning, man was created before whom there was nobody"), said
Augustine in his political philosophy. This beginning is not the same as the
beginning of the world; it is not the beginning of something but of somebody,
who is a beginner himself. With the creation of man, the principle of
beginning came into the world itself, which, of course, is only another way
of saying that the principle of freedom was created when man was created but
not before.”
(Hannah Arendt, ‘The Disclosure of the Agent in Speech and Action’ in “The
Human Condition”)
試依據以上文字,詮釋鄂蘭的行動理論(請特別留意粗黑體)(20分)
6.
鄂蘭以蘇格拉底作為思考的範型,與蘇格拉底有關的三個思考的比喻為何?其分別意涵為
何?(加分題,20分)
作者: gt1991k   2014-06-26 19:18:00
推~老師超好

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