在討論哪些規則影響NBA比賽的時候
hand-check常常被拿出來討論
我看了以前的影片
https://youtu.be/RTFwxS5dejI
觀察出進攻方在面框盤球時
防守員也不太會去hand-check
(這是我的觀察，也許每個人有不同的結論)
原因應該就是防守員如果貼近到可以hand-check的距離
持球者可以輕易地過人
因此我推測當時的球隊在防守面框持球者時
hand-check並不被他們認為是很有效的防守方式
也因此他們不太會對面框持球者hand-check
我找了NBA關於防守方對進攻方接觸犯規的規則
https://official.nba.com/rule-no-12-fouls-and-penalties/#foultypes
節錄Personal Foul/Section I-Types的片段
"a.A player shall not hold, push, charge into, impede the progress of an
opponent by extending a hand, arm, leg or knee or by bending
the body into a position that is not normal. Contact that results
in the re-routing of an opponent is a foul which must be called
immediately.
b.Contact initiated by the defensive player guarding a player with the ball
is not legal.
This contact includes, but is not limited to, forearm, hands, or
body check.
a.EXCEPTIONS:1.A defender may apply contact with a forearm to an
offensive player with the ball who has his back to the
basket below the free throw line extended outside the
Lower Defensive Box.
2.A defender may apply contact with a forearm and/or
one hand with a bent elbow to an offensive player in
a post-up position with the ball in the Lower
Defensive Box.
3.A defender may apply contact with a forearm to an
offensive player with the ball at any time in the
Lower Defensive Box. The forearm in the above exceptions
is solely for the purpose of maintaining a defensive
position.
4.A defender may position his leg between the legs of
an offensive player in a post-up position in the
Lower Defensive Box for the purpose of maintaining
defensive position. If his foot leaves the floor in an
attempt to dislodge his opponent, it is a foul
immediately.
5.Incidental contact with the hand against an offensive
player shall be ignored if it does not affect the
player’s speed, quickness, balance and/or rhythm."
大意：任何肢體接觸是禁止的，除了以下幾點：
1.進攻持球者在罰球線延伸線以下、Lower Defensive Box之外背對籃框時，
防守者可以用前臂接觸。
2.防守者可以用前臂或一隻彎曲的手肘接觸低位、在Lower Defensive Box的持球
者。
3.持球者在Lower Defensive Box的任何時候，防守者可以用前臂接觸他。
前述的幾項前臂接觸的例外只能是為了保持防守位置。
5.只要沒有影響進攻球員的速度、平衡、節奏，不經意地用手接觸進攻球員可以
被裁判忽略。
這是我查到的罰球線延伸線跟Lower Defensive Box
https://i.imgur.com/z7LwOA9.gif
https://i.imgur.com/POcjKEk.png
從現在的規則來看，
1.當進攻持球員在罰球線延伸線以下到底線之間的區域背框，
防守者可以用前臂接觸他。
2.當進攻持球員在Lower Defensive Box內，
防守者可以用前臂接觸他，若是post-up position還可以用彎曲的手肘。
我另外找了NBA歷史關於hand-check的規則改變
http://archive.nba.com/analysis/rules_history.html
1978-79的其中一條規則改變
" Clarification added to prohibit hand-checking through “rigid enforcement”
of rule allowing a defensive player to retain contact with his opponent so
long as he does not impede his opponent’s progress."
大意：這個規則改變澄清了對hand-check的禁止
其中提到這邊被禁止的"hand-check"的意思
是指"防守方在不侵犯進攻方行進路線的情況下可以跟進攻方肢體接觸"
也就是說不管是這個規則改變之前還是80、90年代或現在
用手去阻擋進攻方前進從來都是非法的
1994-95的其中一條規則改變
"Hand-checking eliminated from the end line in the backcourt to the opposite
foul line."
大意：從後場到前場的罰球線延伸線之間的hand-check被取消
現在身體接觸僅限罰球線到底線的規則就是從這時候定的
2004-05的規則改變
"New rules were introduced to curtail hand-checking, clarify blocking fouls and
call defensive three seconds to open up the game."
也就是改成目前的規則
從現在的規則跟以前的規則
可以歸納出hand-check規則的演變：
默認hand-check→1994→禁止罰球線以上的hand-check
→2004→禁止罰球線以下、Lower Defensive Box以外的面框hand-check
也就是說hand-check的行為並沒有消失在現在的NBA
只是禁止了對罰球線以上(1994)或Lower Defensive Box以外不是背框(2004)的持球者做
而如這篇文開頭的觀察
在這些禁令頒布之前
防守員本來就不太會去對面框的持球者hand-check
所以我認為從以前到現在hand-check的規則改變
並沒有對NBA的比賽產生多大的影響
以下這部最近幾年Klay Thompson的防守影片
就體現了他合法地用手接觸進攻球員
其中也有些在Lower Defensive Box之外接觸
以現今規則應當犯規卻沒響哨的例子
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUkQubdvMwY