備註請放最後面 違者新聞文章刪除
1.媒體來源:
外媒 SMARTNEWS
2.記者署名:
By Livia Gershon
3.完整新聞標題:
Archaeologists Unearth Ancient Dagger Linked to Enigmatic Indian Civilization
考古學家發掘出與神秘的印度文明有關的古代匕首
4.完整新聞內文:
Archaeologists Unearth Ancient Dagger Linked to Enigmatic Indian Civilization
考古學家發掘出與神秘的印度文明有關的古代匕首
https://imgur.com/HHQTKp3
A blade found in the state of Tamil Nadu offers new evidence of an urban
center that thrived as long as 2,500 years ago
在泰米爾納德邦發現的刀片提供了一個新的證據，證明城市中心在 2500 年前就已經繁榮
發展
This iron dagger's well-preserved wooden handle may help researchers date
artifacts found in Konthagai. (Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology)
這把鐵匕首保存完好的木柄可能有助於研究人員確定出土文物的年代。
By Livia Gershon
SMITHSONIANMAG.COM
AUGUST 11, 2021
Archaeologists working in the village of Konthagai in southern India have
found a rusted iron dagger preserved in a burial urn alongside skeletal
remains, the Times of India reports. The discovery is part of a major
excavation effort in the state of Tamil Nadu that seeks to shine a light on
the ancient Keeladi civilization.
在印度南部孔塔蓋村工作的考古學家發現了一把生鏽的鐵匕首，保存在遺骸旁邊的骨灰
盒中。這一發現是泰米爾納德邦主要挖掘工作的一部分，旨在揭示古老的基拉迪文明。
Though the dagger’s 16-inch steel blade was rusted and broken in half, part
of its wooden handle remained intact. R. Sivanandam, director of the Tamil
Nadu Department of Archaeology, tells the Hindu that this type of weapon was
used by warriors during the Sangam period, which spanned roughly the third
century B.C.E. through the third century C.E.
儘管匕首的 16 英寸鋼刀片生鏽並斷成兩半，但它的部分木柄仍然完好無損。泰米爾納德
邦考古學部主任 R. Sivanandam告訴印度教徒 ，這種武器在Sangam 時期被戰士使用，大
約跨越公元前三世紀到公元三世紀
The wood’s unusual preservation may allow researchers to precisely date
artifacts found at the site. Sivanandam says a lab in the United States will
attempt to date the dagger handle.
木材的完好保存可能使研究人員能夠準確地確定在該地點發現的文物的年代。西瓦南丹
說，美國的一個實驗室將嘗試確定匕首柄的年代。
Since the start of the digging season in February, archaeologists in
Konthagai have discovered 25 burial urns. Some were filled with bones,
weapons and other objects. Scientists at Madurai Kamaraj University in Tamil
Nadu are conducting DNA tests on the human remains.
自 2 月挖掘季節開始以來，考古學家已經發現了 25 個骨灰盒。有些裝滿了骨頭、武器
和其他物體。泰米爾納德邦馬杜賴卡馬拉吉大學的科學家正在對人類遺骸進行 DNA 測試。
As the Times notes, the researchers think that Konthagai was a burial site
for the Keeladi civilization. Teams are also excavating ancient Keeladi sites
in the villages of Agaram, Manulur and Keeladi—the place that gives the
civilization its name.
Per the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology, carbon dating of artifacts
dated some to as early as 580 B.C.E. The digs have yielded large numbers of
cow, ox, buffalo and goat skeletons, suggesting agricultural activity by the
ancient Keeladi people. Archaeologists have also found structures with clay
floors; brick walls; and post-holes, which may have held wooden poles used to
support roofs. Artifacts recovered at the site show that members of the
civilization played board games and inscribed letters on pottery using the
Tamil-Brahmi script.
根據泰米爾納德邦考古部門的說法，一些文物的碳年代測定法可以追溯到公元前 580 年
。這些挖掘已經產生了大量的牛、牛、水牛和山羊的骨骼，表明古代基拉迪人的農業活動
。考古學家還發現了粘土地板結構。磚牆; 和柱孔，這些柱孔可能用來支撐用於支撐屋頂
的木桿。在現場發現的文物表明，該文明的成員玩棋盤遊戲並使用泰米爾-婆羅米文字在
陶器上刻上字母。
https://imgur.com/GYmcUEi
The Keeladi civilization may be linked to the famed Indus Valley, or
Harappan, civilization. (Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology)
Keeladi 文明可能與著名的印度河流域或 Harappan 文明有關。
（泰米爾納德邦考古部）
Many discoveries made in the area date to around 500 B.C., when an
agricultural surplus allowed people to build urban centers in what’s known
as the subcontinent’s “second urbanization.” (The name reflects a contrast
with the much earlier “first urbanization” of the Harappan, or Indus
Valley, civilization, which began around 2500 B.C.E.) While scholars
previously believed that the second urbanization happened mostly along the
Central Ganges Plain in northern India, the new evidence suggests a similar
phenomenon occurred in the south as well.
該地區的許多發現可以追溯到公元前 500 年左右，當時農業收穫使人們能夠在所謂的次
大陸“第二次城市化”中建造城市中心。（該名稱反映了與早在公元前 2500 年左右開始
的哈拉帕文明或印度河流域文明的“第一次城市化”形成鮮明對比）雖然學者們之前認為
第二次城市化主要發生在印度北部的恒河中部平原，但新的證據表明南方也發生了類似的
現象。
Sivanandam tells DT Next’s J. Praveen Paul Joseph that findings at the
Keeladi sites show evidence of ancient industrial production sites.
Archaeologists have found spinning and weaving tools, cloth dyeing
operations, brick kilns, and ceramic workshops.
遺址的發現顯示了古代工藝品生產遺址的證據。考古學家發現了紡紗和編織工具、布料
染色操作、磚窯和陶瓷作坊。
In 2019, M.C. Rajan of the Hindustan Times reported that discoveries at
Keeladi suggest the community that lived there—also referred to as the
Vaigai civilization after a nearby river—may have descended from the
Harappan civilization. As it declined, its people may have traveled south to
start new lives.
2019 年，《印度斯坦時報》的 MC Rajan報導說，在 Keeladi 的發現表明，居住在那裡
的社區——也被稱為附近河流後的 Vaigai 文明——可能是哈拉帕文明的後裔。隨著它的
衰落，它的人民可能已經向南旅行開始新的生活。
The findings also offer material evidence about the Sangam period, which is
known mainly for its Tamil literature. Based on the archaeological evidence,
some researchers now say the Sangam period began earlier than previously
thought, around 600 B.C.E.
調查結果還提供了關於 Sangam 時期的物質證據，該時期主要以其泰米爾文學而聞名。根
據考古證據，一些研究人員現在說 Sangam 時期的開始時間比以前認為的要早，大約在公
元前 600 年。
T. Udayachandran, secretary of the state archaeological department, told the
Hindustan Times that the civilization was “an Indigenous, well developed
self-sustaining urban culture with an industry and script, indicating that
the people of that era were highly literate.”
該文明是“一種本土的、發達的、自給自足的城市文化，具有手工業和文字，表明那個
時代的人具有很高的文化水平。”
5.完整新聞連結 (或短網址):
https://is.gd/Dworo2
6.備註:
出土地點接近印度古國朱羅王朝(約兩百年後連同哲羅和潘地亞三分基拉迪王朝)，
《大唐西域記卷第十》稱為珠利耶國。
珠利耶國，周二千四五百里。國大都城周十餘里。土野空曠，藪澤荒蕪。居戶寡少，群盜
公行。氣序溫暑，風俗姦宄。人性獷烈，崇信外道。伽藍頹毀，粗有僧徒。天祠數十所，
多露形外道也。
城東南不遠有窣堵波，無憂王之所建也。如來在昔曾於此處現大神通，說深妙法，摧伏外
道，度諸天人。
城西不遠有故伽藍，提婆菩薩與羅漢論議之處。初，提婆菩薩聞此伽藍有嗢呾羅阿羅漢，
得六神通，具八解脫，遂來遠尋，觀其風範。既至伽藍，投羅漢宿。羅漢少欲知足，唯置
一床。提婆既至，無以為席，乃聚落葉，指令就坐。羅漢入定，夜分方出。提婆於是陳疑
請決，羅漢隨難為釋，提婆尋聲重質，第七轉已，杜口不酬，竊運神通力，往覩史多天請
問慈氏。慈氏為釋，因而告曰：「彼提婆者，曠劫修行，賢劫之中，當紹佛位，非爾所知
，宜深禮敬。」如彈指頃，還復本座，乃復抑揚妙義，剖析微言。提婆謂曰：「此慈氏
菩薩聖智之釋也，豈仁者所能詳究哉？」羅漢曰：「然，如來旨。」於是避席禮謝，深加
敬歎。