2015年研究生考試英語一試題
http://edu.qq.com/a/20141228/005976.htm
2015年全國碩士研究生入學考試英語(課程)一試題
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with
strangers.
Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins,
sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study publishedfrom the University o
f California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy o
f Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4
pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were us
ed in both 5.
While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the stud
y James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, "Most pe
ople do not even 7their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as frien
ds the people who 8 our kin."
The team 9 developed a "friendship score" which can predict who will be your
friend based on their genes.
The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in frien
ds but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is dif
ficult to explain, for now. 10, as the team suggests, it draws us 11similar
environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working
in tandem that 12us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 "functional
kinship" of being friends with 14 !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem
to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human ev
olution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being
a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18to befriend those of simil
ar et 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were draw
n from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20that all sub
jects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team a
lso controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
1.[A] what
[B] why
[C] how
[D] when
2.[A] defended
[B] concluded
[C] withdrawn
[D] advised
3.[A] for
[B] with
[C] by
[D] on
4.[A] separated
[B] sought
[C] compared
[D] connected
5.[A] tests
[B] objects
[C] samples
[D] examples
6.[A] insignificant
[B] unexpected
[C] unreliable
[D] incredi ble
7.[A] visit
[B] miss
[C] know
[D] seek
8.[A] surpass
[B] influence
[C] favor
[D] resemble
9.[A] again
[B] also
[C] instead
[D] thus
10.[A] Meanwhile
[B] Furthermore
[C] Likewise
[D] Perhaps
11.[A] about
[B] to
[C] from
[D] like
12.[A] limit
[B] observe
[C] confuse
[D] drive
13.[A]according to
[B] ratherthan
[C] regardlessof
[D] alongwith
14.[A] chances
[B] responses
[C] benefits
[D] missions
15.[A] faster
[B] slower
[C] later
[D] earlier
16.[A] forecast
[B] remember
[C] express
[D] understand
17.[A] unpredictable
[B] contributory
[C] controllable
[D] disruptive
18.[A] tendency
[B] decision
[C] arrangement
[D] endeavor
19.[A] political
[B] religious
[C] ethnic
[D] economic
20.[A] see
[B] show
[C] prove
[D] tell
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choos
ing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
King JuanCarlos of Spain once insited” kings don’t abdicate, they die in t
heir sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican
left in the recenet Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and sta
nd down. So does the Spanish crisis suggestthat monarchy is seeing its last
days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, wit
htheir magnificent uniforms andmajestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When publ
ic opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Fra
nco regime, monarchs can rise above” mere”politics and “embody” a spirit
of national unity.
Itis this apparenttranscendence of politics that explains monarchs continuin
g popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is
the mostmonarch- infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not countin
g Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the G
ulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to
avoid the difficult searchfor a non-controversial but respected public figu
re.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national
unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they beh
ave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At
a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequ
ality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealt
hy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democr
atic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocra
tic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses
(or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the int
ernational 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to ma
intain the right image.
While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some
time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spani
sh example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her r
ather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style.The danger will come with Charl
es. Who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical v
iew of theworld. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely su
rvived because they provide a service- as non-controversial and non-politica
l heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is
kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.
21.According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A] used to enjoy high public support
[B] was unpopular among European royals
[C] eased his relationship with his rivals
[D] ended his reign in embarrassment
22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly
[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status
[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality
[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to
[D] due to their everlasting political embodiment
23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth
[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families
[D] The nobility’s adherence to their privileges
24. The British royals ”have most of fear” because Charles
[A] takes a tough line on political issues
[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised
[C] takes republicans as his potential allies
[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role
25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
[D] Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats.
Text2
JUST HOW much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme C
ourt is only just coming to grips with that question. On Tuesday,it will con
sider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithout a warr
ant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particu
larly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through
the effects of suspects at the time of their arrest. Even if the justices a
re tempted, the state argues, it is hard for judges to assess the implicatio
ns of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. En
ough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, that the justices ca
n and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring t
he contents of a smartphone — a vast storehouse of digital information — i
s similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled t
hat police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wa
llet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s sm
artphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an
arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehe
nsive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing
,” meanwhile, means that police officers could conceivably access even more
information with a few swipes on a touchscreen.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping se
nsitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal
life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain pri
vate and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable search
es.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge
of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authoriti
es to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still tr
ump Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, exigent circumstances,
such as the threat of immediate harm, and they could take reasonable measure
s to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pen
ding. The court, though, may want to allow ROOM for police to cite situation
s where they are entitled to more leeway.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disru
ptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s
protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor who blogs on The Post’s Volokh Con
spiracy,comparesthe explosion and accessibility of digital information in th
e 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessi
ty of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new
personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth
Amendment applies to digital information now.
26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legiti
mate to
[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.
[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.
[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of
[A] tolerance.
[B] indifference.
[C] disapproval.
[D] cautiousness.
28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to
[A] getting into one’s residence.
[B] handing one’s historical records.
[C] scanning one’s correspondences.
[D] going through one’s wallet.
29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that
[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.
[B] the court is giving police less ROOM for action.
[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.
[D] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected.
30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that
(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.
(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.
(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.
(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
Text3
The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its pe
er-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy
follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that
basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of
many published research findings.
“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”
writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Associ
ation, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of revi
ewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny
by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing E
ditors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external
statisticians to review these manuscripts.
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “
The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly w
ith the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research a
nd is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the re
search we publish.”
Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Healt
h, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primaril
y an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight beh
ind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a
lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Sci
ence itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that
may want to model their approach after Science.”
31.According to Nancy Koehn,office language has become
[A]more emotional
[B]more object
[C]less energetic
[D]less stratcgic
32.”Team”oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to
[A]historical incidents
[B]gender difference
[C SPORT culture
[D]athletic executives
33.Khurana believes that the importation of terminology to
[A]revive historical terms
[B]promote company image
[C]foster corporate cooperation
[D]strengthen cmployee loyalty
34.It can bo inferred that Lean In .
[A]voices for working women
[B]appeals to passionate workholics
[C]triggers debates among mommies
[D]parises motivated employees
35.Which of the following statements is true about office speak?
[A]Managers admire it avoid it
[B] Linguists believe it to be nonsense
[C]Companies find it to be fundamental
[D]Regular people mock it but accept it
Text4
Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettl
ing dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had
collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “so
rting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us
, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.
Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that th
e absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or busine
ss could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”
This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as NEWSInter
national, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as i
t had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.
As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the NEWSof t
he World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his prede
cessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dear
th of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phone
s of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was ackn
owledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 t
o be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still
unfolds.
In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of su
ch widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One
of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what w
ent on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she
never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence w
as that she knew nothing.
In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not
be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps
we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine ha
s been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words tha
t have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-fri
endly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Wor
ds degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportion
ality and accountability.
The purpose of editing the NEWS of the World was not to promote reader under
standing, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. I
t was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may o
r may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, b
ut she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, rec
orded answers.
36. Accordign to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by
(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.
(B) companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices
(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.
(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.
37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.
(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.
(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.
(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.
38. The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence
(A) revealed a cunning personality.
(B) centered on trivial issues.
(C) was hardly convincing.
(D) was part of a conspiracy.
39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows
(A) generally distorted values.
(B) unfair wealth distribution.
(C) a marginalized lifestyle.
(D) a rigid moral code.
40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?
(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.
(B) Common humanity is central to NEWS reporting.
(C) Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.
(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.
Part B
How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense o
f identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships be
tween them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar. (41)_____
________________________________You begin to infer a context for the text, f
or instance by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved:
who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.
The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension.
But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but
of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer informatio
n you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specif
ic evidence and clues; (42)_________________________________
Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track
for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fi
xed or ‘true’ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or so
me timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)_________________________
________________
Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)_______________
_____________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or
even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods
. Place and social EXPERIENCES produce different but overlapping readings of
the same words on the page—including for texts that engage with fundamenta
l human concerns—debates about texts can play an important in the social di
scussion of beliefs and values.
How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular inter
est in reading it. (45) _________________________________________Such dimens
ions of reading suggest — as other introduced later in the book will also d
o — that we bring an implicit（often unacknowledged）agenda to any act of r
eading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is full
er, more advanced and more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds
of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and co
unterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component o
f your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environ
ment.
A. Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the
requirement of a give course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it f
or information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ co
nsiderably from reading in a seminar ROOM.
B. Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender,
ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpret
ations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.
C. If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, u
sing clues presented in the context. On the ash emption that they will becom
e relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as WELL as po
ssible links between them.
D. In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any
given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones a
uthor intended.
E. You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be sign
ificant to you, or about its validity — inferences that from the basis of p
ersonal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsibl
e.
F. In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs crea
ted the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thought
s.
G. Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between
what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organiz
ation or pattering we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially
its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge,
belief and attitude that we bring to the text.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments
into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET
. (10 pionts)
Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries, a tide if emigration- one of the great folk wanderings of history
- swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and d
iverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, s
haped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces- the IMMIGRATI
ON of European people with their varied ideas, customs, and national charact
eristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of nec
essity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic cam
e successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutc
hmen, Swedes, and many others who attempt to transplant their habits and tra
ditions to new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar t
o America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon once another, an
d the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent
caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcel
y visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resemb
led European society in many ways, has a character that was distinctly Ameri
can.
(49) The first shiploads of IMMIGRANTS bound for the territory which is now
the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 1
5th-and- 16th century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thrivi
ng Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and Sou
th America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully ove
rcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on bar
ely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, man
y passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Somet
imes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought un
bearably long delay.
To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inex
pressible relief. Said one recorder of events, “ The air at twelve leagues’
distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glim
pse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with
its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended f
rom Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber……
Section III Writing
Part A
51.Directions：
You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 wo
rds recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for you recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.
Do not write the address.(10 points)
Part B
52．Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essa
y, you should
(1) Describe the picture briefly,
(2) Interpret its intended meaning, and
(3) Give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 point)