課程名稱︰經濟學原理與實習上
課程性質︰必修/通識A5*
課程教師︰駱明慶
開課學院：社會科學院
開課系所︰經濟學系
考試日期（年月日）︰103.01.06
考試時限（分鐘）：110
是否需發放獎勵金：是
（如未明確表示，則不予發放）
試題 :
一、選擇題(45%):不須說明，寫出正確答案即可。
1. Which of the following is an example of the free-rider problem?
(a) Both Zoe and Zach receive low-cost dental care at the local dental school,
so neither of them pays the full cost of the care.
(b) Alfred receives a free lunch from the local ”Meals on Wheels” program
because of his low monthly income. Yet his next door neighbor, Alice, is
not eligible for the free lunch.
(c) Bruce owns Buster, a large dog who barks whenever anyone walks near his
house. Betty lives next to Bruce, and Buster’s barking can be heard
whenever anyone walks near her house, too. Thus, Betty receives free
protection from burglars because of Buster’s barking.
(d) Sam purchases a burger at a fast food restaurant and gets a second burger
free because the restaurant is having a buy one, get one free sale.
2. What causes the Tragedy of the Commons?
(i) Social and private incentives differ.
(ii) Common resources are not rival in consumption and are not excludable.
(iii) Common resources are not excludable but are rival in consumption.
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (i) and (ii) only
(d) (i) and (iii) only
3. Which of the following tax systems could not be structured to satisfy
conditions of vertical equity?
(a) a proportional tax
(b) a regressive tax
(c) a progressive tax
(d) a lump-sum tax
4. Mary values a movie at $15 while Tim values it at $10. The price of the
movie is $9. If the government imposes a $2 tax per movie and the price of a
movie rises to $11, what part of the deadweight loss comes from Mary and
what part comes from Tim?
(a) none comes from Mary, $1 comes from Tim
(b) none comes from Mary, $3 comes from Tim
(c) $2 comes from Mary, $1 comes from Tim
(d) $4 comes from Mary, $3 comes from Tim
5. Suppose that for a particular firm the only variable input into the
production process is labor and that output equals zero when no workers are
hired. In addition, suppose that when the firm hires 2 workers, the total
cost of production is $100. When the firm hires 3 workers, the total cost of
production is $120. In addition, assume that the variable cost per unit of
labor is the same regardless of the number of units of labor that are hired.
What is the firm’s fixed cost?
(a) $40 (b) $60 (c) $80 (d) $100
6. A competitive market is in long-run equilibrium. If demand increases, we can
be certain that price will
(a) rise in the short run. Some firms will enter the industry. Price will then
rise to reach the new long-run equilibrium.
(b) rise in the short run. Some firms will enter the industry. Price will then
fall to reach the new long-run equilibrium.
(c) fall in the short run. All, some, or no firms will shut down, and some of
them will exit the industry. Price will then rise to reach the new long-run
equilibrium.
(d) not rise in the short run because firms will enter to maintain the price.
7. Laura is a gourmet chef who runs a small catering business in a competitive
industry. Laura specializes in making wedding cakes. Laura sells 20 wedding
cakes per month. Her monthly total revenue is $5,000. The marginal cost of
making a wedding cake is $300. In order to maximize profits, Laura should
(a) make more than 20 wedding cakes per month.
(b) make fewer than 20 wedding cakes per month.
(c) continue to make 20 wedding cakes per month.
(d) We do not have enough information with which to answer the question.
8. Suppose a monopolist chooses the price and production level that maximizes
its profit. From that point, to increase society’s economic welfare, output
would need to be increased as long as
(a) average revenue exceeds marginal cost.
(b) average revenue exceeds average total cost.
(c) marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost.
(d) marginal revenue exceeds average total cost.
9. How does a competitive market compare to a monopoly that engages in perfect
price discrimination?
(a) In both cases, total social welfare is the same.
(b) Total social welfare is higher in the competitive market than with the
perfectly price discriminating monopoly.
(c) In both cases, some potentially mutually beneficial trades do not occur.
(d) Consumer surplus is the same in both cases.
10. Senator Hubris wants to pass a law that would require all monopolistically
competitive firms to operate at their efficient scale. If this law were to
pass and be enforced, we would expect that monopolistically competitive
firms would
(a) see their profits increase.
(b) break even.
(c) lose money.
(d) not really be affected by the law.
11. In a two-person repeated game, a tit-for-tat strategy starts with
(a) cooperation and then each player mimics the other player’s last move.
(b) cooperation and then each player is unresponsive to the strategic moves of
the other player.
(c) noncooperation and then each player pursues his or her own self-interest.
(d) noncooperation and then each player cooperates when the other player
demonstrates a desire for the cooperative solution.
12. Suppose that a toxic waste spill renders half of the land in New Jersey
uninhabitable. Assuming that land and labor are complements in the
production function, what would happen to the wages earned by workers and
rents earned by landowners?
(a) Both wages and rents would increase.
(b) Both wages and rents would decrease.
(c) Wages would increase, and rents would decrease.
(d) Wages would decrease, and rents would increase.
13. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) If the signaling theory of education is correct, additional schooling does
not affect worker productivity but rather signals a correlation between
natural ability and education.
(b) The theory of efficiency wages suggests that firms pay higher wages to
workers in order to induce workers to be more productive.
(c) Discrimination against workers of a certain race or ethnicity is often in
conflict with a firm’s desire to maximize profits.
(d) The theory of compensating wage differentials reflects the different
skills, abilities, and productivity of workers.
14. Which political philosophy focuses on the process of determining the
distribution of income rather than on the outcome?
(a) utilitarianism
(b) liberalism
(c) libertarianism
(d) welfarism
15. Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) It is possible that additional education will increase a worker’s wage
without increasing the worker’s productivity.
(b) If discriminating wage differentials persist in competitive markets, it is
primarily because either consumers are willing to pay to maintain the
discrimination or because government mandates it.
(c) An efficiency wage corresponds to a lower wage that a nondiscriminating
employer pays to a worker because a discriminating employer won’t hire her.
(d) In competitive markets, workers are paid a wage equal to the value of their
marginal product.
二、非選擇題(55%):答題時請適當說明你的想法，答案內容以讓批改者瞭解為原則。
1. (20%) 請簡要回答以下問題。
(a) (5%)
根據《聯合報》2013年12月25日的報導，「蘋果公司限制電信業者銷售iPhone綁約價格，
公平會今天認定為違反公平交易法，決議重罰蘋果亞洲公司2000萬元。」請問
(A)經濟學家怎麼稱呼這種「製造商限制經銷商售價」的作法?
(B)為什麼某些經濟學家不認為製造商這種做法是在阻礙市場的競爭，因此並不屬於
反托拉斯法(Antitrust Law)規範的範圍。
(b) (5%)
假設今年夏天的大颱風摧毀了拉拉山的水蜜桃收成。由於這場大颱風，水蜜桃的價格含
採收工人的邊際產量分別會發生什麼變化?水蜜桃採收工人的需求又會發生什麼變化?
(c) (5%)
What conditions lead to economic superstars? Would you expect to see superstars
in dentistry (牙醫)? In music? Explain.
(d) (5%)
低學費政策之下，大學教育的供給量小於需求量，我國入學制度主要以考試成績來決定
入學機會的分配。為什麼我國的低學費政策是一種「逆向」的所得重分配?
2. (10%) 假設肥料市場視為全競爭市場，現在廠商處於仍在生產肥料、但有虧損的狀態。
(a) (3%)
請比較肥料價格(P)和平均總成本(ATC)、平均變動成本(AVC)以及邊際成本(MC)之間
的大小關係。
(b) (3%)
在兩個並排的圖形上，劃出此時廠商與市場的狀況。
(c) (4%)
長期均衡之下，肥料價格、每個廠商的邊際成本、平均總成本與供給量，以及市場總
供給量將如何變動?
3. (10%)
Consider a monopolistically competitive market with N firms. Each firm’s
business opportunities are described by the following equations:
Demand: Q = 100/N - P,
Marginal Revenue: MR = 100/N - 2Q,
Total Cost: TC = 50 + Q^2,
Marginal Cost: MC = 2Q.
(a) (2%)
How does N,the number of firms in the market, affect each firm's demand curve?
Why?
(b) (2%)
How many units does each firm produce?
(The anwsers to this and the next two questions depends on N.)
(c) (2%)
What price does each firm charge?
(d) (2%)
How much profit does each firm make?
(e) (2%)
In the long run, how many firms will exist in this market?
4. (15%)
大咖
高價 低價
進入市場 大咖賺300萬元 大咖賺100萬元
小咖賺200萬元 小咖虧損100萬元
小咖
不進入市場 大咖賺700萬元 大咖賺200萬元
小咖賺0萬元 小咖賺0萬元
「小咖」是一家小咖啡公司，正考慮要不要進入由「大咖」所主宰的某一個市場。
這兩家公司的利潤決定於「小咖」有沒有進入市場以及「大咖」所訂的價格是高或是低。
(a) (4%)
這兩家公司是否都有優勢策略(dominant strategy)? 請說明。
(b) (4%)
此一賽局的Nash均衡為何? 這個Nash均衡是唯一的嗎?
(c) (4%)
如果「大咖」威脅「小咖」說:「如果你進入市場，我會把價格壓低，所
以你最好靠邊站。」你認為「小咖」應該相信「大咖」的威脅嗎?為什麼?
(d) (3%)
如果這兩家公司可以就如何分配總利潤達成協議，則最後的市場狀況將為何?兩家公司的
利潤為何?