※ 引述《beckseaton (沒有運動會死)》之銘言：
這裡有提到一些關於禁藥的檢測方式
http://tinyurl.com/ca65f2u
The testing process is very clear. The MLB policy is continually monitored
and is considered the most strict among professional sports. The addition of
blood testing that will begin in 2012 makes it even more so. Each player in
baseball on a 40-man roster is subject to at least two random drug tests
during each season. They can also get additional random tests, a number which
will again increase in 2012. As well, there are additional random tests that
occur during the playoffs. That means that players that have never tested
positive for any banned substance are subject to as many as four tests in a
league year. (Players that have tested positive previously are subject to an
accelerated testing program with significantly more tests.)
只要在40人名單上 每季就至少會被檢測兩次
此外還有一些其他的隨機測試 進季後賽的話也有更多的隨機檢驗
對一般球員來說 每季最多可被檢驗四次
(有過陽性反應的話會更多)
Each test is monitored closely, from the collection phase to the final
administration of testing. When a player is selected for random testing, he
is taken to a "clean area" designated in each clubhouse. He is observed
urinating in a provided sample cup, which is sealed and initialled.
(Observed? Yes, that means what you think. The "full stream" must be visible
from player to cup.) That sample is prepared and sent to MLB's designated lab.
受測球員會到休息室裡的特殊區域採樣
採樣過程會受到監視避免造假
Once at the lab, which is usually the WADA-certified lab in Montreal, the
sample would be separated into "A" and B" samples. The "A" sample would
undergo a full spectrum of tests, which would include one that looks at the
ratio of two substances, testosterone and epitestosterone. The "T/E" ratio in
most men is 1:1, but it has been shown that this ratio fluctuates wildly.
Controlled studies have been shown that the ratio can go as high as 10:1 in
men that have taken no exogenous (non-natural) testosterone. Any test above
4:1 triggers a second, more comprehensive test. At this stage, it is not
considered a positive result. The ratio test is merely a trigger.
樣本會分成A, B兩個部分
A部分先測testosterone/epitestosterone的比例
正常人比例會是1:1 (但有時在正常狀態下比例會高達10:1)
如果超過4:1就會進行下一階段的測試
(這時還不是確認陽性反應)
The "B" sample is then tested using one of several methods (MLB does not
disclose which method is used, though carbon isotope ratios or chromatography
are considered the state of the art.) This test is able to determine the
presence and origin of exogenous testosterone. This presence, in any amount,
is sufficient to find a player in violation of the drug policy. This testing
can differentiate between endogenous (natural, produced by the body)
testosterone and any exogenous variant. It can also determine the variant, of
which there are several in use. Testosterone is present in all humans, male
and female, though males have higher levels. Testosterone is also widely used
for medical purposes. If you remember the "Is It Low T?" ads that ran
incessantly during the MLB playoffs, you saw an advertisement for
testosterone. Take it and you would test positive under MLB rules.
下一階段使用B部分，測試testosterone是由身體分泌還是來自外界服用
如果有來自外界的成分就掰了
At this stage, several things are unclear. There are conflicting reports as
to whether Braun's "B" sample was tested and showed exogenous testosterone.
There are also reports of a second drug test, requested by Braun, that did
not "test positive." I put that last in quotes because it's confusing.
Remember, the "A" sample is merely a trigger. If Braun was re-tested and
showed a T/E ratio below 4:1, that is not correctly called a negative test.
Also, since the detectable period for testosterone is between 2 and 4 weeks,
the timing of that second test is key if it is going to be used as an
affirmative defense.
剛據報導，Braun的B部分有外界testosterone成分，這裡應該沒什麼問題
至於Braun所謂"第二次檢測沒有陽性反應"這裡就有討論空間
如果是"第二次檢測" "T/E比低於4:1"這樣的話並不能稱之為是陰性反應
另外，由於testosterone的檢測有效時間是2~4周
所以第二次檢測的時間會是決定這次測試能不能當作反駁第一次測試的關鍵
The most common defense at appeal would be a "tainted supplement." While many
say this is a false positive, that is incorrect terminology. The test would
be correct, in that there was the presence of a banned substance. Under MLB's
policy of strict liability, a player would be responsible no matter how the
substance got into his body. There is only one exception. MLB (and the NFL,
among others) have a list of substances that are certified by the NSF. Known
as the "blessed list," these substances can be taken with confidence that
they would not be tainted. Any other supplement, such as the 6-OXO Extreme
that caused a positive for Phillies reliever J.C. Romero, would provide the
player no such defense.
而如果說是吃到"受汙染的補品" 這理由MLB官方大概不會接受
官方有提供一份"可使用的補品"名單
使用名單外的補品，例如以前 J.C. Romero，基本上是上訴無效
Remember, the T/E ratio is not used as a positive test. The reason is that
this ratio can be easily manipulated. In fact, BALCO was known to use a
transdermal patch in order to manipulate the ratio. Instead of trying to
reduce testosterone, they increased epitestosterone after discovering that
the testing process did not differentiate between a 6:1, 12:2, or 24:4 ratio.
(The ratio was reduced from 6:1 to 4:1 in 2007.) What we should be waiting to
hear is whether Braun's original sample had a positive and definitive result
for exogenous testosterone.
這裡就在重申一次，比例不是問題
問題是在有沒有來自外界的testosterone
(BALCO的案例就是利用提升epitestosterone來躲避更進一步的測試)
With Braun's representative's saying that they are mounting an "aggressive
appeal," it is important to remember what we know and what we don't know. At
this stage, there are enough conflicting reports to reserve judgement,
especially given the indication that this result is in the process of appeal.
The original report from ESPN's Outside The Lines is certainly troubling, but
it is hardly definitive.
Braun方面要上訴，所以大家就靜觀其變吧
目前的報導還不足以斷定是否有用藥就是了