※ [本文轉錄自 eaquson 信箱]
http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/putting-pressure-on-the-defense/
Putting pressure on the defense
by Craig Brown
May 05, 2008
Jack Cust is in the process of redefining the idea of Three True Outcomes.
With 25 home runs, 105 walks and 164 strikeouts in 507 plate appearances in
2007, Cust avoided the defense a whopping 58 percent of the time, the highest
rate of any hitter going back to 1956.
Jack Cust正在重新定義TTO的觀念。在2007年的507打席中有
25隻全壘打、105次保送與164次三振，Cust在當代有高達58%的機率避免守備機會，
這是自1956年以來所有打者中最高的比率。
(譯按:關於TTO，bp上的文章:
http://www.baseballprospectus.com/article.php?articleid=724
簡單說就是投打對決中不受腳程，防守，教練下達的戰術等干擾，只真實反應出與投
球和擊球有關的數據: 全壘打，保送與三振。因此被稱為三項"真實"數據。)
(譯按:
07年 Jack Cust Oak
G AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI TB BB SO SB CS OBP SLG AVG
124 395 61 101 18 1 26 82 199 105 164 0 2 .408 .504 .256
SF SH HBP IBB GDP TPA NP XBH SB% GO AO GO/AO OPS
6 0 1 2 6 507 2232 45 0.0 87 49 1.90 .912 )
Despite his slow start this year, Cust is at it again. In games through the
end of April, Cust has just one home run, but his 22 walks and 27 strikeouts
in 91 plate appearances have him back at the top of the True Outcomes
leaderboard through April at 55 percent. It’s frightening to think that
number will probably climb if he ever finds his power stroke.
即使今年進度稍微落後，Cust又再度來到這個進程。在四月底之前，他只有一隻全壘打，
但他在91打席中的22次保送與27次三振讓他以55%的比率在四月回到TTO的領先群頂點
。想想如果他找回他的打擊威力這個數字可能會進一步攀升是令人畏懼的。
But what about the other end of the spectrum? The guys who, when they come to
the plate, keep the defense on their toes? With that in mind, here is a list
of five hitters going back to 1956 who have the single-season lowest Three
True Outcomes percentage and how they did it.
但是光譜的另一端，那些來到本壘板前總是使防守者墊起腳尖的打者又是如何呢?
考慮到這點，這裡列出自1956年以來單季最低的TTO比率的打者，探討他們如何做到
這種表現。
5. Bobby Richardson, 1963 - 3 HR, 25 BB, 22 SO in 668 plate appearances
True Outcome% - 7.5%
第五名. Bobby Richardson
1963 - 3 HR, 25 BB, 22 SO in 668 plate appearances
True Outcome% - 7.5%
Richardson was the Yankees' light-hitting second baseman at the end of the
great Yankee dynasty of the 1950s and ’60s. Entering 1963, he was coming off
the best year of his career where he hit .302/.337/.406 with 37 walks and 24
strikeouts and finished second in the MVP voting. His 1963 season had to be
something of a letdown as Richardson managed a .265/.294/.330 effort. Despite
his struggles to reach base, he finished 10th in that year’s MVP vote. That
was undoubtedly helped by the fact he was and excellent defender.
Richardson是1950與60年代洋基王朝尾聲隊上的輕型打擊二壘手。到了1963年，他表現出
職業生涯最好的打擊成績: .302/.337/.406 ，37次保送與24次三振，在MVP票選中排名
第二。他的1963年球季因為 .265/.294/.330 的成績而顯得衰退。即使他努力想要上壘，
那年他在MVP票選中只列名第十。這無疑地來自於他是個傑出的防守者。
He finds himself here because for the 1963 season, he cut his walk to 3.6
percent and strikeout rate to 3.5 percent, but remained in line with his
average output as a hitter. Over his 12 year career, Richardson hit
.266/.299/.335 with 34 home runs.
在1963年球季他的成績之所以如此來自於他的保送率降至3.6%，三振率降至3.5%，
但打擊率與他身為打者的平均值一致。在他生涯12年終，Richardson的打擊三圍是
.266/.299/.335 有34隻全壘打。
While Richardson was a revered member of those World Champion Yankee teams,
he was an out machine. He finished second in outs in 1963 which was the only
year from 1961 to 1965 where he did not lead the league in that category. It
didn’t help that he routinely hit leadoff or second later in his career.
Richardson身為那些取得世界大賽冠軍的洋基隊上令人尊敬的一員的同時，他也是一個
出局機器。他在1963年出局數排名第二，那是在這項數據上1961到1965年間他唯一不曾
領先聯盟的一年。他在生涯中常態性的打第一或第二棒也無助於事。
While the 1963 Yankees won the AL pennant for the fourth straight year, they
certainly carried a bunch of low OBP players. Richardson at .294 along with
Clete Boyer at .295 and shortstop Tony Kubek at .294 helped hold the Yankees
team OBP to .307 which ranked them seventh out of 10 teams in the league.
當1963年洋基隊連續第四度贏得美聯冠軍的時候，他們確實有許多低上壘率的球員。
Richardson的.294上壘率與Clete Boyer的.295，游擊手Tony Kubek的.294協助讓洋基的
上壘率保持在.307 ，在美聯十隊中排名第七。
That Kubek led off and Richardson hit second for Ralph Houk’s team would
melt the internets if that happened today. I’m pretty sure Tom Tresh wasn’t
happy about his lack of RBI opportunities.
在教頭Ralph Houk的隊上，Kubek打第一棒、Richardson打第二棒的情形若發生在今天
恐怕會造成網路癱瘓。我很確定Tom Tresh(62年新人王，61-68年在洋基隊的外野手)
會因為他缺少打點機會而感到不快。
But the Yankees were able to make up for their collective inability to get on
base by doing what they normally did—they pounded the ball into oblivion
(adjusted for era, of course) Their 188 home runs and .403 slugging
percentage ranked second in the AL and they averaged 4.4 runs per game, which
also was good enough to rank second. The best hitting team in the AL that
summer was the Minnesota Twins, but they finished in third place with 91 wins.
但是洋基有能力以他們常做的到的事補償全隊上壘率的低落－他們把球打不見
(以當時的時代而言是可以這樣說的) 他們的188隻全壘打與 .403的長打率在美聯排名第二
，平均每場4.4的得分也好到足以排名第二。當年美聯最佳攻擊隊伍是明尼蘇達雙城隊，
但他們最好只以91勝取得第三名。
However when the Yankees ran into the superior pitching of the Dodgers in the
World Series, their offensive shortcomings could no longer hide. New York hit
just .171/.207/.240 and scored only four runs in getting swept.
然而當洋基在世界大賽遇到更好的道奇隊投手群時，他們攻擊上的短處再也隱藏不住。
他們只打出 .171/.207/.240的成績，在被橫掃的系列賽中總共只得四分。
Richardson played three more years for the Yankees and saw his OBP decrease
each season until he retired in 1966 at the age of 30.
之後Richardson又繼續為洋基打了三年球，看著他的上壘率年年下降直到他在1966年以
30歲的年紀退休。
4. Nellie Fox 1963: 2 HR, 24 BB, 17 SO in 582 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 7.4%
It’s not surprising that Fox would end up on this list as he was the
ultimate contact hitter of his era, never striking out more than 18 times in
a single season. In fact, Fox was the toughest batter to whiff in 1963,
striking out just once every 31.7 at bats. His strikeout rate actually jumped
from 1.9 percent in 1962 to (for Fox) a whopping 3.2 percent in 1963. He
makes the top five on the strength (or lack thereof) of his 24 walks, which
was a career low. For the year, he hit .260/.299/.306 with 140 hits in 539 at
bats and his on base percentage was also the lowest mark of his 19-year
career. It was his worst full season since his rookie season in 1950.
身為他那個時代終極的contact型打者，從未在球季被三振超過18次，Nellie Fox會出現在
這份名單並不令人驚訝。事實上在1963年Fox是最難應付的打者，每31.7打數才被三振一次
。1963年他的三振率事實上從1962年的1.9%上升到對他來說異常的3.2%。
24次保送是他能在這個關於力量(或缺乏力量)的名單上名列第五的原因。
那年他的成績是 .260/.299/.306 ，在539打數中有140支安打，上壘率也是他19年職業生
涯的最低點。這是他自1950的菜鳥年以來最糟的一季。
Like Richardson, Fox was Chicago’s number two hitter (behind either Mike
Hershberger or Jim Landis.) The White Sox were in first place as late as June
14 that year, but couldn’t match the Yankees in the power department and
faded over the second half of the season before finishing in second place,
10.5 games back.
就像Richardson，Fox是當年芝加哥白襪的第二棒(在 Mike Hershberger 或Jim Landis
後面。)白襪在當年直到六月14日都是第一名，但是在打擊部門無法與洋基抗衡，在下半
季逐漸退步，最後以10.5場的勝差屈居第二。
Fox was traded that offseason to the Houston Colt .45’s in exchange for
Danny Murphy and Jim Golden. He played two seasons in Houston and finished
his career with a .288/.345/.363 line.
那年球季後Fox被交易至休士頓科特點四五手槍隊('65年改名休士頓太空人隊)
以交換 Danny Murphy 和 Jim Golden。他在休士頓打了兩季，最後的生涯成績是
.288/.345/.363。
Averaging a strikeout every 42.7 at bats for his career, Fox finished as the
fourth most difficult hitter of all time to strikeout. He was inducted into
the Hall of Fame in 1997.
在生涯中平均42.7打數才被三振一次，Fox是至今第四難三振的打者。他在1997年進入名
人堂。
3. Tim Foli, 1982: 3 HR, 14 BB, 22 SO in 528 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 7.4%
Foli was the number one overall pick in the 1968 draft by the New York Mets
and was able to play 16 years in the majors as a light hitting shortstop.
Following the ’81 season, Foli joined the California Angels and it looked as
though he would play out the remainder of his career as a utility infielder.
But after regular Rick Burelson went down in April of that year with a torn
rotator cuff, Foli was thrust into the lineup where he finished with a
.252/.273/.308 line for the season.
Tom Foli 在1968年選秀由紐約大都會隊在第一輪選出，在MLB以輕型打者擔任16年的游擊
手。接下來在81年球季，他加入了加州天使隊，看起來他會在生涯剩下的時間成為內野工
具人。但是在 Rick Burelson 於四月因為旋轉圈肩傷退出先發名單之後，Foli被插進打
線而在那個球季打出 .252/.273/.308 的成績。
His 14 walks that year at the time was the record for the fewest free passes
in a single season from a player who appeared in at least 150 games. He also
was the toughest hitter to strikeout in the league that year, whiffing just
once every 21.8 at bats. Combine those two ingredients with his lack of power
(he had 25 career home runs) and it’s not surprising he made this list.
他當年的14次保送是上場至少150場的球員中單季最少自由通行證的紀錄。他也是當年最
難三振的打者，每21.8打數才被三振一次。合併這兩個成份(三振，保送)以及他的缺乏
長打威力，(他生涯只有25隻全壘打)他會出現在這個名單上並不讓人驚訝。
Foli’s career is about as nondescript as you can get, but he did lead the AL
in sacrifice hits in ’82. The Angels won the AL West that year and Foli hit
.125/.125/.125 in the five game loss to the Milwaukee Brewers.
Foli的生涯難以歸類，但他的犧牲打確實在82年領先全聯盟。天使隊在那年贏得美西分區
冠軍，他在輸給密爾瓦基釀酒人的五場球中打出.125/.125/.125的成績。
He shifted to the utility role the following year and hit .252/.263/.300 in
88 games. He retired after being released by Pittsburgh in June of 1985.
他在接下來的一年轉移到工具人的角色，在88場比賽中打出 .252/.263/.300的成績。
他在1985年6月被匹茨堡釋出後退休。
2. Tim Foli, 1979: 1 HR, 28 BB, 14 SO in 587 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 7.3%
Hey, he’s here again.
科，他又來了。
Only this time, 1979 was the best offensive season of Foli’s career where he
posted career highs across the board, hitting .288/.330/.340. He began the
year with the New York Mets, but appeared in only three games before he was
traded to the Pirates for Frank Taveras.
只是這次，1979年是 Foli 打擊最佳的球季，他在計分版上以 .288/.330/.340展現了
生涯最好的成績。他在這年剛開始是在紐約大都會隊上，但只出賽三場後就被交易至
海盜隊以換取 Frank Taveras。
Foli’s high on base percentage in 1979 is due to the fact he walked more
than usual in drawing 28 free passes. It should also be noted that he was hit
by a pitch nine times that year, which obviously helped. He also set a career
high with 153 base hits (128 of which were singles.)
Foli 在1979年的高上壘率來自於他比平常較多的28次保送。還要提到他的9次觸身球保送
，那明顯有幫助。他也在那年有生涯最高的153次安打(其中128隻是一壘安打。)
And just like his ’82 season, he was by far the toughest hitter to strikeout
in the NL in 1979, going down on strikes once every 38 at bats. Over the last
30 years, no player has posted a better ratio—Tony Gwynn came closest,
striking out once every 35.7 at bats in 1995.
就像在他的'82年球季，1979年他顯然是在國聯最難被三振的打者，每38個打數才出現
一次三振。在過去30年，沒有一位打者有更好的比率－Tony Gwynn 最為接近，在1995
年每35.7打數才有一次三振。
Foli carried his career year into the postseason for the “We Are Family”
Pittsburgh Pirates, hitting .333/.268/.417 in their three game sweep of the
Cincinnati Reds in the NLCS. In the seven game classic against the Baltimore
Orioles, Foli hit in six games posting a .333/.375/.433 line while scoring
six runs. That post season he had 38 plate appearances and drew two walks and
no strikeouts.
Foli把他的職業生涯帶近海盜隊以"We Are Family"為主題曲的海盜隊季後賽，
在橫掃辛辛那提紅人的美聯冠軍賽中打出 .333/.268/.417的成績。在對上巴爾帝摩金鶯
七場經典世界大賽中，Foli於其中六場打出 .333/.375/.433的成績，得了六分。季後賽總
計的38打席中有2次保送，沒有三振。
Foli is the anti-Cust.
Foli是反Cust主義者。
1. Matty Alou 1970: 1 HR, 30 BB, 18 SO in 718 plate appearances
True Outcome % - 6.8%
Compared to the previous three hitters, Alou’s inclusion on this list (and
overall first place finish) is a bit of a surprise. Unlike Alou, Richardson
and Foli struggled to get on base throughout their careers. And while Fox was
his peer as a hitter, he was 35 in the ’63 season and well past his prime.
與前面三位打者相比，Alou 在這名單上(而且名列第一)有點使人驚訝。不像 Alou，
Richardson 與 Foli 在他們職業生涯努力想求上壘(他們上壘率比Alou低不少)。
當Fox是他身為打者的同輩，在63年球季他已經35歲而過了主要的時期。
But for Alou, the 1970 season came just as he was leaving what was a very
productive stretch of his career. While Alou (31 career home runs) never hit
for power, his performance as a hitter in the four years from 1966 to 1969
was solid all around. He hit .334/.368/.409 over those seasons and even led
the NL with 231 hits in 1969.
但是對Alou而言，1970年球季他正要離開那段成果豐朔的時期。Alou(生涯31支全壘打)
從不是一位有爆發力的球員，他在1966到1969年身為打者的表現在各方面都十分穩固。
他在那幾年平均有 .334/.368/.409，甚至在1969年以231支安打領先國聯。
In the 1970 season, Alou hit .297/.329/.356 which means while he owns the
record of lowest True Outcome percentage in a season since 1956, he had the
most productive year among those in the bottom five. He makes this list (and
takes the title) on the strength of striking out just once every 37.6 times
at bat which led the NL that season and was the best rate of Alou’s career.
His next-best rate came in 1971 when he whiffed once every 22.6 at bats. For
his career, Alou struck out in 6.5% of his at bats, but in 1970 he sliced
that to an incredible 2.7%.
在1970球季，Alou打出 .297/.329/.356的成績，這代表他有著自1956年以來最低的TTO
百分比，他這一年是這名單上成果最好的一年。他以那一季領先國聯的37.6打數才有一次
三振(也是生涯最佳)名列名單之首。他的第二好的比率是1971年，22.6打數才有一次三振
。在他的生涯中，Alou只有6.5%的打數遭到三振，但在1970年這比率降到不可思議的2.7%
。
Alou was the ultimate contact hitter that year, collecting 201 hits and
leading the league with 171 singles. He was primarily the leadoff man for the
Pirates, although he did see some at bats as the number two hitter. On a team
with Bob Robertson, Willie Stargell and Roberto Clemente, it’s not
surprising Alou came around and scored 97 runs.
Alou在那一年是究極contact打者，有著201支安打與領先聯盟的171支一壘打。他在海盜
隊主要擔任第一棒，雖然有些打數是第二棒。在一個有著 Bob Robertson,
Willie Stargell 與 Roberto Clemente 的球隊，他的復甦與97分的得分並不讓人驚訝。
The Pirates won the NL East that year and Alou hit .250/.357/.333 as the Bucs
were swept by the Reds in the NLCS.
海盜隊當年贏得國聯東區冠軍，Alou的成績是 .250/.357/.333
Here’s the kicker: In that very same year, Alou’s brother Jesus had a True
Outcome percentage of 7.6 percent for the Houston Astros which just missed
this list as it was the sixth lowest of all time.
有趣的來了:在同一年，Alou的兄弟Jesus 在休士頓太空人隊的TTO百分比是7.6%，
恰好在名單之外，1956年以來排名第六。
Combined, the Alou brothers had 1,205 times plate appearances and put the
ball in play 1,119 times. The greatest brother combination of all time in
putting pressure on the defense.
合起來，Alou兄弟有1205個打席，其中1119次讓防守者有守備機會，在所有的兄弟中
這個比率是最高的。
Craig writes about the Royals at Royals Authority and fantasy baseball at
Heater Magazine. He welcomes all questions and comments via e-mail。