“Crime Against Democracy”: U.S. Backed Fascist Coup in Bolivia
反民主罪行：美國策動玻利維亞法西斯軍事政變
原文出處：Global Research - https://bit.ly/35f97Tk
原文發表日期：2019. 11. 15
作者：Timothy Alexander Guzman
譯文：巴勒網 - https://tinyurl.com/wwgmb5w
譯者： 陳真
Bolivia’s legitimate President, Evo Morales now in exile in Mexico said that
the “The OAS is in the service of the North American empire” and that he “
could not understand” how his military leaders betrayed Bolivia. “That
confirms that my great crime is to be indigenous. It’s a class problem”
rt.com reported.
玻利維亞的合法民選總統埃沃‧莫拉萊斯 (Evo Morales)，於數天前(11月11日) 流亡墨
西哥。他指出，「美洲國家組織 (The Organization of American States，簡稱OAS) 專
為美國帝國主義服務」。他表示「無法理解」為何他的軍事將領竟然會背叛玻利維亞人民
。他說：「這證實了一件事：亦即我最大的罪行就是我是個原住民。這終究是個階級問題
。」
Regardless, Morales still has the support of the majority of the Bolivian
people. Morales’ made history as Bolivia’s first indigenous president who
was a poor farmer and without a college education.
無論現況如何，莫拉萊斯總統至今依舊獲得大多數玻利維亞人民的支持。他是玻利維亞史
上第一個原住民總統，出身貧窮農家，不曾上過大學。
“The exiled president said that after freeing itself from the International
Monetary Fund, the Bolivian economy was doing better” the report said.
根據報導，「這位流亡總統再度表明：玻利維亞自從脫離了國際貨幣基金組織 (IMF) 後
，經濟情況已有所改善。」
Historically speaking, many Bolivian presidents before Morales were aligned
with Washington’s interests and were oppressive against the poor and
indigenous peoples. They had murdered workers who were on strike and they
even sold off Bolivia’s mineral wealth to U.S. and European corporations.
The Bolivian people remained poor for decades under right-wing dictatorships
who joined forces with the U.S. and even militarized coca producing regions
where Morales experienced firsthand tyranny according to an Al Jazeera story
from 2014 on Evo Morales’s rise to power titled ‘Bolivia: Has Evo Morales
Proven His Critics Wrong? “One event vividly stuck out for Morales after
moving to the coca-growing region: In Chipiriri, a cocalero (coca farmer) was
killed by the military for refusing to plead guilty to trafficking drugs.
“Without any contemplation, [the military] covered his body in gasoline and,
in front of many people, burned him alive” Morales said.
在玻利維亞的歷史上，莫拉萊斯之前的許多總統，總是以美國利益惟命是從，強力鎮壓窮
人及原住民，殺害許多罷工的工人，並且出賣國家礦產利益給美國及一些歐洲公司，以致
於玻利維亞人民數十年來一直都是在美方武裝支持的極右獨裁政權底下過著赤貧生活；尤
有甚者，對古柯生產地進行軍事管制，實施暴虐統治。
根據 2014年半島電視台針對莫拉萊斯崛起經過的一項紀實報導[註1]，標題為「莫拉萊斯
是否已證明對手是錯的？」，莫拉萊斯曾在古柯生產地親身經歷過這樣一段恐怖統治。特
別令他難忘的是，他曾在 Chipiriri 城市目擊一個種植古柯樹的農夫，因為拒絕承認走
私而遭軍閥殺害。莫拉萊斯說：
「軍頭們完全沒有半點猶豫，就往那個農夫身上澆滿汽油，當著許多人面前點燃，把他活
活燒死。」
[註1] 半島電視台報導標題”Bolivia: Has Evo Morales proven his critics wrong?”
，網址https://tinyurl.com/vjk9dvr
However, the story also mentioned Morales’s success
“The GDP has steadily grown from 2009 to 2013, and the UN reports that
Bolivia has the highest rate of poverty reduction in Latin America, with a
32.2 percent drop from 2000 to 2012. Employment rates and wages have also
gone up, with a notable 20 percent minimum wage raise last year.” Morales’s
economic plan turned out to be successful as stated by Al Jazeera “Morales
approach of putting various industries under state control, from mines to
telecommunications companies, has generated enormous funds for the
government, which it is using for infrastructure – only 10 percent of the
country’s roads are paved – and social programmes to lift children, mothers
and the elderly out of poverty. Thanks to a successful literacy programme,
UNESCO has declared the country free of illiteracy.”
半島電視台提到莫拉萊斯施政之成功，如此說道：
「玻利維亞的國內生產總值 (GDP) ，從2009年到2013年持續穩定成長。根據聯合國報告
，玻利維亞原本是拉丁美洲貧窮人口比例最高的國家，但在莫拉萊斯的執政下，貧窮人口
從西元 2000年到 2012 年足足減少了 32.2%；就業率與薪資亦有明顯成長，最低工資更
是大幅提高了兩成。」
半島電視台分析認為，莫拉萊斯施政成功的原因在於他把礦產及電信等各項產業收歸國有
，為國庫創造了巨大收益，藉以從事民生基礎建設的改善 (在此之前，玻利維亞民生凋敝
，全國僅有一成的道路鋪設)；莫拉萊斯並特別緻力於婦孺老幼人口的脫貧計畫。另外，
莫拉萊斯也成功消除了文盲。2014年8月，聯合國教科文組織 (UNESCO) 正式宣告玻利維
亞脫盲成功 (譯者註：文盲人口少於總人口4%謂之脫盲)。
When Morales was declared the winner in the October 20th elections, violent
right-wing protests soon followed. The leaders of the opposition led by
mostly fascist elements of Bolivian society including Luis Fernando Camacho
who Max Blumenthal and Ben Norton of The Grayzone described him as “a
powerful multi-millionaire named in the Panama Papers, and an
ultra-conservative Christian fundamentalist groomed by a fascist paramilitary
notorious for its racist violence, with a base in Bolivia’s wealthy
separatist region of Santa Cruz.”
然而，今年10月20日，當莫拉萊斯宣告贏得總統大選，右翼暴亂隨即引發；帶頭者主要是
玻利維亞的法西斯組織領導人卡馬丘 (Luis Fernando Camacho) 。創辦新聞調查網站「
灰色地帶」(the Grayzone) 的美國著名作家、導演及獲獎記者 Max Blumenthal 及 Ben
Norton ，形容卡馬丘不但是「巴拿馬文件」(the Panama Papers) 榜上有名的「權貴財
閥」，而且是「極右基督教基本教義派，從事惡名昭彰之種族主義暴力之法西斯準軍事組
織成員。該組織座落於玻利維亞較為富庶的分離主義大城聖克魯茲（Santa Cruz）」。
(譯者註：卡馬丘被媒體稱呼為「基督教法西斯主義者」，因其信奉種族階層主義，特別
鄙視原住民，認為原住民是最低等的人種。)
(譯者註：巴拿馬文件是2016年由「國際調查記者同盟」(ICIJ) 所揭露的一份機密文件，
詳列二十幾萬筆各國政客、財閥刻意隱藏的海外資產黑資料。該文件揭露卡馬丘諸多海外
洗錢行徑。)
No surprise that Camacho has the support of the right-wing governments of
Colombia and Brazil along with the Venezuelan opposition leaders who are
still trying to overthrow Nicolas Maduro after their recent failures to do
so. The violent protests that has erupted against the Morales government has
led to extreme violence resulting in deaths, beatings of politicians which
forced the resignation of Morales and his vice president García Lineran and
others in his administration on the advice of army officials and police
chiefs who were bought and paid for by Washington.
信奉極右法西斯的卡馬丘，獲得哥倫比亞與巴西右翼政府以及企圖推翻委內瑞拉總統馬杜
洛 (Nicolas Maduro) 的反對派人士的支持，自然也就絲毫不令人驚訝。
(譯者註：關於美國策動委內瑞拉右翼政變，參見巴勒網兩篇譯文：
https://bit.ly/2s2zWfp
https://bit.ly/2Qwy0Ge)
卡馬丘所帶領的反政府暴動，除了毆打政府官員，並旋即發展成導致多人死亡的極端暴力
；美國並以金錢買通軍方將領及警察首長，以武力威迫莫拉萊斯總統及副總統 Garcia
Linera 辭職。
The Morales government called it a coup by U.S. backed opposition forces.
Morales did propose dialogue with the opposition parties, but was flatly
rejected. It was reported that Morales even accepted Washington’s lackey,
the ‘Organization of American States’(OAS) advice to set up new elections,
but was ignored.
在這場由美國主導的軍事政變中，莫拉萊斯曾要求與反對派進行對話，遭到斷然拒絕。根
據報導，莫拉萊斯甚至曾經接受美國「走狗」(lackey)