※ 引述《minjindon (中間選民)》之銘言：
: 凡事都應該有科學證據不是嗎？
: 今天明明就沒有致癌疑慮，
: 藍白卻一直在造謠渲染，
: 這不是唯恐天下不亂，
: 什麼才是唯恐天下不亂？
:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2022.880782/full
這篇是2023發表的，用以前的實證去模擬蘇丹紅1號跟2號如何跟DNA作用去形成Adduct
雖然發在Mega journal 但前面introduction整理得很好
另一篇2013的review要收費看不到內容
In mammalian cell studies, Comet assays indicated that Sudan I exhibits
mutagenic activity, and specifically that it can cause DNA strand breaking (An
et al., 2007).
2007年的哺乳類細胞實驗(comet assay)說有致癌性並會造成DNA斷裂
In mouse models, Sudan I was reported to not only disrupt spindle organization
and chromosomal alignment but also the destruction of mitochondrial functions
, accumulating reactive oxygen species (Xing et al., 2021).
小鼠實驗中，蘇丹紅1號會造成打斷紡錘絲形成與造成染色體配對錯位，同時也對粒線體
功能造成傷害，累積大量的自由基
Sudan I was also implicated in potentiating the genotoxicity of human
carcinogen benzo [a]pyrene in mouse models (Dracinska et al., 2021).
小鼠實驗中顯示蘇丹紅的致癌性比BaP更高
Although Sudan dyes are classified as mutagens based on animal toxicity
studies, their molecular mode of action is unknown
第一段小結，雖然蘇丹紅染料在動物實驗上有致癌性，但機制不清楚
In addition, some metabolites of Sudan dyes, typically aromatic amines, have
been correlated with epigenetic alterations (Chappell et al., 2016), and in
vivo studies in rats and rabbits have indicated mutagenicity (Chappell et al.,
2016).
蘇丹紅的代謝物，特別是(aromatic amines)芳香胺跟表觀遺傳改變有相關性
大鼠與兔子的實驗顯示有致癌性
Sudan I can be enzymatically oxidized and/or reduced in metabolic pathways
within the cell, namely hepatic and bladder enzymes yielding mutagenic
metabolites (Cox and White, 2019)
蘇丹紅一號會被細胞(肝或膀胱)內代謝途徑中的酵素氧化或還原後產生致癌代謝物
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CY1A1) catalyzes the oxidation of Sudan I to form a
reactive metabolite, the benzenediazonium cation, leading to its ability to
form DNA adducts and increasing its carcinogenicity (Tumbi et al., 2014).
CY1A1會催化蘇丹紅一號氧化形成活性代謝物(benzenediazonium cation)，導致它
與DNA反應形成DNA adduct並增加其致癌性
the metabolic pathway for Sudan I is induced when peroxidases oxidize the dye
to form a radical species, and the radical then attacks the exocyclic amino
group of guanines (G) to form a DNA adduct (Draínsky et al., 2009).
蘇丹紅一號代謝是由過氧化酶氧化形成過氧化物，然後攻擊DNA的G形成DNA附加物
These Sudan I metabolite-DNA adducts have been identified in vivo in the liver
of rats exposed to these dyes. In the bladder, peroxidases were observed to
catalyze Sudan I metabolism which reacts with deoxyguanosine (dG), leading to
the formation of 4-[(deoxy)guanosin-N2-yl] (Draínsky et al., 2009)
大鼠肝臟內有找到蘇丹紅一號代謝物-DNA附加物。膀胱中則是過氧化酶去催化
蘇丹紅一號並與dG反應形成4-[(deoxy)guanosin-N2-yl]
這些都是動物實驗的資料
所以2023這篇就去模擬蘇丹紅一號跟二號如何形成DNA附加物
A是初始 B是接觸100奈秒(nanosecond) C是1微秒(microsecond)
https://i.imgur.com/tZQbbAl.png
https://i.imgur.com/mskkaVt.png
但你可以說這是模擬的，看看就好
會產生DNA附加物致癌最有名的就是馬兜鈴酸，有興趣的自己去GOOGLE
回到吵翻天的第三類
推文某篇新聞的
https://i.imgur.com/BeE6pRK.png
真棒!! 無法分類
看原文就知道又是講一半取對自己有利的
https://i.imgur.com/osxz5Ei.png
"該物質對於人類的致癌性無法分類"
此項分類常用於其致癌性在"人類"上證據不足或者"動物"上有限證據
例外地，對於那些在人類中致癌性證據不足但在動物實驗中足夠的物質，如果有強有力的證據表明
在動物身上的致癌機制不會在人類中起作用，則可能將其歸入此類別。
不屬於第一類(確定致癌) 第二類A(很可能致癌) 第二類B (可能致癌 (50%以下))
的也都丟在這一類
IARC 網站的QA PDF
https://monographs.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IARCMonographs-QA.
pdf
https://i.imgur.com/yY1oOgr.png
第三類的定義是
1. 對人類致癌性證據"不足"
2. 動物實驗結果是"有限"或"不足"
3. 機制證據"有限"或"不足"
動物實驗的有限結果暗示可能會致癌但並不具有確定性
所以台灣要當一次IARC的大型人體資料庫嗎?