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1.媒體來源:
外媒
2.記者署名:
By Harry Baker
3.完整新聞標題:
10 signs the sun is gearing up for its explosive peak — the solar maximum
Countdowns
4.完整新聞內文:
10 signs the sun is gearing up for its explosive peak — the solar maximum
Countdowns
By Harry Baker published about 23 hours ago
Some experts believe the upcoming solar maximum could be more active and
arrive sooner than previously expected. Here are 10 signs that they are right.
太陽即將迎來爆發高峰——太陽活動極大期的 10 個跡象
哈里·貝克發表大約 23 小時前
一些專家認為，即將到來的太陽活動極大期可能會更加活躍，並且比之前預期的更早到來
。這裡有 10 個跡象表明他們是對的。
Roughly every 11 years, the sun slowly transitions from solar minimum, when
our star is a smooth and calm ball of plasma, to solar maximum, when it
becomes a chaotic, fiery mass littered with dark, planet-size sunspots that
spew out solar storms.
During solar maximum, the likelihood of Earth being bombarded by these
stellar storms goes up dramatically. And such solar storms can mess with
radio signals, power infrastructure, space missions and satellites in
low-Earth orbit.
Scientists initially believed the next solar maximum would likely arrive
sometime in 2025 and that the peak in solar activity would be just as
underwhelming as the last, below-average solar maximum. But in an explosive
twist, experts revealed to Live Science that the solar maximum could likely
arrive sooner and be more powerful than previously forecast.
大約每11年，太陽就會慢慢地從太陽極小期（當我們的恆星是一個光滑而平靜的等離子體
球時）過渡到太陽極大期（當它變成一個混亂、熾熱的物體，散佈著行星大小的黑色黑子
，噴出太陽風暴） 。
在太陽活動極大期期間，地球被這些恆星風暴轟炸的可能性急劇上升。這種太陽風暴可能
會擾亂無線電信號、電力基礎設施、太空任務和近地軌道上的衛星。
科學家們最初認為下一個太陽活動極大期可能會在 2025 年的某個時候到來，而太陽活動
的峰值將與上一次太陽活動極大期一樣平淡無奇，低於平均水平。但在一個爆炸性的轉折
中，專家們向《生活科學》透露，太陽活動極大期可能會比之前預測的更早到來，而且威
力更大。
From rising sunspot numbers to bizarre plasma structures and enormous solar
storms, here are 10 signs the solar maximum is closer than you think.
Rising sunspot numbers
從不斷增加的太陽黑子數量到奇異的等離子體結構和巨大的太陽風暴，這裡有 10 個跡象
，太陽活動極大期比您想像的更近。
太陽黑子數量不斷上升
A time-lapse image of two major sunspot groups moving across the surface of
the sun between Dec. 2 and Dec. 27, 2022. (Image credit: nol nl
The main way scientists track solar cycle progression is by counting the
number of sunspots on our home star's surface. These dark patches are a sign
that the sun's magnetic field is getting tangled, which ramps up solar
activity.
But since the current solar cycle began, the number of visible sunspots on
the sun has far exceeded the number predicted by initial forecasts from
scientists at NASA and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA).
The observed number of sunspots has outpaced predictions for 27 months in a
row. The first major sunspot spike occurred in December 2022, when the sun
reached an eight-year sunspot peak. And in January 2023, scientists observed
more than twice as many sunspots as NASA and NOAA had predicted.
科學家追踪太陽週期進程的主要方法是計算我們恆星表面的太陽黑子數量。這些黑斑表明
太陽磁場正在變得混亂，從而加劇了太陽活動。
但自當前太陽週期開始以來，太陽上可見黑子的數量遠遠超過了美國宇航局和美國國家海
洋和大氣管理局（NOAA）科學家 最初預測的數量。
觀測到的太陽黑子數量已連續 27 個月超過預測。第一次重大太陽黑子峰值發生在 2022
年 12 月，當時太陽達到了八年來的太陽黑子峰值。2023 年 1 月，科學家觀測到的太陽
黑子數量是 NASA 和 NOAA 預測的兩倍多。
X-class flare frequency
A short video clip of a bright flash exploding from the sun's surface
A clip of an X-class solar flare erupting from the sun on Feb. 17 followed by
a 'solar tsunami' that is visible as a faint shockwave in the surrounding
region. (Image credit: NASA/Solar Dynamics Observatory)
Solar flares are bright flashes of light and radiation launched from
sunspots. Sometimes they're accompanied by enormous, magnetized clouds of
fast-moving particles, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The most
powerful solar flares are X-class flares, which are the least common type,
followed by M-class and C-class blasts: All three happen more often during a
solar maximum.
The number of X-class flares is on the rise. There have already been eight of
these enormous flares in 2023, including a surprise X-class flare from the
sun's far side in January, and another in February that launched a CME
directly at Earth, triggering radio blackouts. In comparison, there were only
seven X-class flares in the whole of 2022 and two in 2021.
The total number of X-class, M-class and C-class flares has also spiked: In
2021, there were around 400 of these flares; in 2021, there were around
2,200; and so far in 2023, there have already been around 1,500, according to
SpaceWeatherLive.com.
X級耀斑頻率
2 月 17 日，太陽爆發 X 級太陽耀斑的片段，隨後引發了“太陽海嘯”，在周圍地區可
以看到微弱的衝擊波。（圖片來源：NASA/太陽動力學天文台）
太陽耀斑是從太陽黑子發射的明亮閃光和輻射。有時，它們伴隨著巨大的、快速移動的磁
化粒子云雲，稱為日冕物質拋射（CME）。最強大的太陽耀斑是 X 級耀斑，這是最不常見
的類型，其次是 M 級和 C 級爆炸：這三種耀斑在太陽活動極大期期間發生的頻率更高。
X級照明彈的數量正在增加。2023 年已經發生了 8 次巨大的耀斑，其中包括1 月份從太
陽遠端發生的令人驚訝的 X 級耀斑，以及 2 月份的另一次，它直接向地球發射了日冕物
質拋射，引發了無線電中斷。相比之下，2022 年全年只有 7 次 X 級耀斑，2021 年只
有 2 次。
X級、M級和C級照明彈的總數也激增：2021年，此類照明彈的數量約為400個；2021年，此
類照明彈的數量約為400個；2021年約為2,200個；據SpaceWeatherLive.com稱，截至
2023 年，這一數字已達到約 1,500 個。
Geomagnetic storm bombardment
A blurry image of pink auroras on the horizon
Photographer Dakota Snider caught the auroras from his airplane window during
a G4 geomagnetic storm on March 24. (Image credit: Dakota Snider)
A geomagnetic storm is a disruption to Earth's magnetic field caused by CMEs
or solar wind bashing into the upper atmosphere. These storms often trigger
vibrant aurora displays.
Geomagnetic storms come in four classes, from the weakest, G1, up to the most
severe, G4. G3 and G4 storms can cause radio blackouts that blanket half of
the planet for several hours and cause problems for satellites in low-Earth
orbit.
So far in 2023, two G3 storms and three G4 storms have bombarded Earth. For
context, there were only two G3 storms and no G4 storms in 2022 and only one
of each in 2021, according to SpaceWeatherLive.com.
One of the 2023 storms, which occurred on March 24, was the most powerful
geomagnetic storm to hit Earth in more than six years and triggered auroras
across more than 30 U.S. states, as well as unusual optical phenomena
including the aurora-like phenomena STEVE in the U.S. and a blood red arc,
known as a stable auroral red arc (SAR), in Denmark.
地磁風暴轟擊
地平線上粉紅色極光的模糊圖像
3 月 24 日，攝影師達科塔·斯奈德 (Dakota Snider) 在 G4 地磁風暴期間從飛機窗口
捕捉到了極光。（圖片來源：達科塔·斯奈德）
地磁風暴是由日冕物質拋射或太陽風撞擊高層大氣引起的地球磁場破壞。這些風暴經常引
發充滿活力的極光表演。
地磁風暴分為四級，從最弱的 G1 到最嚴重的 G4。G3 和 G4 風暴可能會導致無線電中斷
，覆蓋半個地球幾個小時，並導致近地軌道衛星出現問題。
2023年至今，已有兩場G3風暴和三場G4風暴轟擊地球。根據 SpaceWeatherLive.com 的數
據，2022 年只有兩次 G3 風暴，沒有 G4 風暴，2021 年各只有一次 G3 風暴。
其中一場發生在 3 月 24 日的 2023 年風暴是六年多來襲擊地球的最強大的地磁風暴，
引發了美國 30 多個州的極光，以及不尋常的光學現象，包括史蒂夫在美國和丹麥的血紅
弧，稱為穩定極光紅弧（SAR）。
Thermosphere temperatures rising
Pink and green auroras shine above trees
Vibrant auroras shine during a geomagnetic storm. (Image credit: Shutterstock)
The increase in geomagnetic storms has also caused temperatures to sharply
climb in the thermosphere — the second highest layer in the atmosphere.
Molecules of gas in the thermosphere absorb a storm's excess energy, then
emit that energy as infrared radiation, cooling the thermosphere back down.
But this year, because the storms are coming back to back, the gas has not
had a chance to cool, experts told Live Science.
The thermosphere naturally warms and cools in conjunction with the solar
cycle. But the peak temperature, which occurred in March, was the highest for
almost 20 years. This is a strong sign that the current solar cycle is more
active than the previous one.
As the thermosphere warms it also expands, which can create additional drag
for satellites in low-Earth orbit and pull them out of position. That
increases the odds of satellites colliding or falling out of orbit during the
solar maximum.
熱層溫度上升
磁暴期間，充滿活力的極光閃耀。（圖片來源：Shutterstock）
磁暴的增加還導致熱層（大氣中第二高層）的溫度急劇攀升。
熱層中的氣體分子吸收風暴的多餘能量，然後以紅外輻射的形式釋放該能量，從而使熱層
冷卻下來。但專家告訴《生活科學》雜誌，今年，由於風暴接二連三，氣體沒有機會冷卻
。
熱層隨著太陽週期自然變暖和變冷。但 3 月份出現的最高氣溫是近 20 年來的最高溫度
。這是一個強烈的跡象，表明當前的太陽週期比上一個太陽週期更加活躍。
隨著熱層變暖，它也會膨脹，這會給近地軌道上的衛星產生額外的阻力，並將它們拉離原
來的位置。這增加了衛星在太陽活動極大期發生碰撞或脫離軌道的可能性。
Surprising solar eclipse image
A black and white image of the sun's corona peeking out from behind the moon
eclipsing the sun
A coronal mass ejection blasts out of the sun in the midst of a total solar
eclipse over Australia on Apr. 20, 2023. (Image credit: Petr Horálek, Josef
Kujal, Milan Hlavá
On April 20, a rare "hybrid eclipse" occurred in the sky above Australia,
which provided observers with a chance to look at the sun's corona, the
outermost part of the star's atmosphere, poking out from behind the moon in
the darkened sky.
During the eclipse, a group of photographers created a stunning composite
image composed of hundreds of shots of the event. Their image shows the
ghostly filaments of the corona, which were much larger than they expected.
This is another sign that the sun is closer to solar maximum than initially
thought.
To further highlight the sun's restless state, the star also happened to
belch out a large CME as the eclipse was taking place, which is clearly
visible in the image.
令人驚訝的日食圖像
太陽日冕從月亮後面露出來的黑白圖像，遮住了太陽
2023 年 4 月 20 日，澳大利亞上空發生日全食時，日冕物質從太陽中噴射出來。
4月20日，澳大利亞上空發生了一次罕見的日食，這讓觀測者有機會看到日冕，
即恆星大氣層的最外層，在黑暗的天空中從月亮後面伸出來。
在日食期間，一群攝影師創作了一張由數百張事件照片組成的令人驚嘆的合成圖像。他們
的圖像顯示了日冕的幽靈般的細絲，它比他們預期的要大得多。這是太陽比最初想像的更
接近太陽活動極大期的另一個跡象。
為了進一步凸顯太陽焦躁不安的狀態，在日食發生時，這顆恆星還碰巧噴出了一個巨大的
日冕物質拋射，這在圖像中清晰可見。
Towering solar tornado
A fiery tornado sticks out from the sun
A gigantic "solar tornado" towered above the sun's surface between March 15
and March 18. (Image credit: NASA/SDO/composite by Steve Spaleta)
As the sun's magnetic field becomes more tangled and unstable, the star's
plasma also becomes less constrained to the surface and can often erupt
without warning.
In March, such plasma fueled a gigantic "solar tornado" the size of 14 Earths
stacked on top of each other that raged on the sun's surface for three days.
The spinning cone formed when a horseshoe-shaped loop of plasma got caught in
a rapidly rotating magnetic field.
At its peak, the fiery twister reached 111,000 miles (178,000 kilometers)
above the sun's surface, which is around double the average size of
previously observed solar tornados.
高聳的太陽龍捲風
一場熾熱的龍捲風從太陽中伸出
3月15日至18日期間，一場巨大的“太陽龍捲風”出現在太陽表面上方。（圖片來源：
NASA/SDO/Steve Spaleta 合成）
隨著太陽的磁場變得更加混亂和不穩定，恆星的等離子體也變得越來越不受表面的限制，
並且經常會在沒有警告的情況下爆發。
今年三月，這種等離子體助長了一場巨大的“太陽龍捲風”，其大小相當於14個地球堆疊
在一起，在太陽表面肆虐了三天。當馬蹄形的等離子體環陷入快速旋轉的磁場中時，旋轉
錐體就形成了。
在其巔峰時期，這場熾熱的龍捲風達到了距太陽表面111,000英里（178,000公里）的高度
，大約是之前觀測到的太陽龍捲風平均大小的兩倍。
Fiery plasma waterfall
A wall of falling plasma rains down onto the sun with a black background
A close-up image of an enormous wall of falling plasma, known as a polar
crown prominence, above the solar surface on March 9. (Image credit: Eduardo
Schaberger Poupeau)
Scientists recently spotted another unusual sight on the sun's surface: a
"plasma waterfall," also known as a polar crown prominence (PCP), which rose
above the surface of the sun on March 9 before raining plasma back onto the
star.
PCPs are mini eruptions that get trapped by the sun's magnetic field and
pulled back toward the solar surface before they can escape into space. These
rare waterfalls only form near the sun's magnetic poles, where the star's
magnetic field is strongest.
At its peak, the PCP reached 62,000 miles (100,000 km) above the sun's
surface, which is the equivalent of eight Earths stacked on top of each other.
熾熱的等離子瀑布
一堵落下的等離子牆像雨點一樣落到黑色背景的太陽上
3 月 9 日，太陽表面上方的巨大等離子體牆（被稱為極冠日珥）的特寫圖像。（圖片來
源：Eduardo Schaberger Poupeau）
科學家最近在太陽表面發現了另一個不尋常的景象：“等離子體瀑布”，也稱為極冠日珥
（PCP），它於 3 月 9 日昇到太陽表面上方，然後將等離子體雨滴回到恆星上。
PCP是一種小型噴發，在逃逸到太空之前會被太陽磁場捕獲並拉回到太陽表面。這些罕見
的瀑布僅在太陽磁極附近形成，那裡的恆星磁場最強。
在其巔峰時期，PCP 達到距太陽表面 62,000 英里（100,000 公里）的高度，相當於八個
地球堆疊在一起。
Enormous polar vortex
A picture of the sun with a filament of plasma looped around its north pole
like a halo
A satellite image shows a looping filament of plasma breaking off of the sun
and forming a vortex around the star's north pole on Feb. 2. (Image credit:
NASA/ Solar Dynamics Observatory)
Continuing the trend of bizarre plasma phenomena, on Feb. 2, a gigantic halo
of rapidly rotating plasma, dubbed a "polar vortex," swirled around the sun's
north pole for around eight hours.
The never-before-seen vortex was created when a massive tentacle of plasma
snapped apart in the sun's atmosphere and fell back toward the sun, similar
to how a PCP forms. But scientists don't know exactly why the plasma stayed
above the sun's surface for so long.
At the time, experts noted that weird plasma events like this tend to happen
around a solar maximum.
巨大的極渦
一張太陽的照片，等離子體絲像光環一樣圍繞著北極
衛星圖像顯示，2 月 2 日，一條環形等離子體絲從太陽中脫離出來，並在恆星北極周圍
形成了一個漩渦。（圖片來源：NASA/太陽動力學天文台）
2月2日，奇怪的等離子體現象繼續發展，一個巨大的快速旋轉等離子體光環，被稱為“極
地渦旋”，圍繞太陽北極旋轉了大約八個小時。
當巨大的等離子體觸手在太陽大氣層中破裂並落回太陽時，就會產生這種前所未見的漩渦
，類似於PCP的形成方式。但科學家們並不確切知道為什麼等離子體會在太陽表面停留這
麼長時間。
當時，專家指出，像這樣奇怪的等離子體事件往往發生在太陽活動極大期前後。
Butterfly CME
A video clip of the butterfly-shaped plasma explosion.
A time-lapse of the butterfly CME's quickly-unfurling plasma wings. (Image
credit: NASA/Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)
The number of CMEs shooting out of the sun has increased alongside the rise
in the number of solar flares. But one of the most visually striking examples
was an enormous "butterfly" CME that erupted on March 10.
The "butterfly wings" appeared because the CME exploded on the sun's far
side, meaning a large proportion of the blast was out of view. As a result,
experts are unsure how powerful the blast really was.
Luckily, the CME was pointed away from Earth. However, experts predicted that
the cosmic cloud may have bashed into Mercury and potentially sheared off
dust and gas from the closest planet to the sun because of its weak magnetic
field.
蝶狀CME
蝴蝶形等離子體爆炸的影片片段。
蝴蝶 CME 快速展開的等離子翅膀的延時拍攝。（圖片來源：NASA/太陽和日光層觀測站）
隨著太陽耀斑數量的增加，從太陽射出的日冕物質拋射數量也隨之增加。但最引人注目的
例子之一是3 月 10 日爆發的 巨大“蝴蝶”日冕物質拋射。
“蝴蝶翅膀”的出現是因為日冕物質拋射在太陽的遠端爆炸，這意味著爆炸的很大一部分
是看不見的。因此，專家們不確定爆炸的威力到底有多大。
幸運的是，日冕物質拋射的指向遠離地球。然而，專家預測，宇宙雲可能會撞擊水星，並
可能由於其弱磁場而從距離太陽最近的行星上消耗掉塵埃和氣體。
1 million-mile-long plasma plume
A massive plume of plasma stick out from the side of the sun
A false-color composite image of a coronal mass ejection, measuring around 1
million miles in length, firing away from the sun on Sept. 24, 2022. (Image
credit: Andrew McCarthy)
One of the earliest signs that solar activity was beginning to ramp up was a
gigantic plume of plasma that launched into space following a CME in
September 2022.
Astrophotographer Andrew McCarthy captured the plume in a stunningly detailed
composite image that merged hundreds of thousands of individual shots. The
enormous fiery column reached around 1 million miles (1.6 million km) above
the sun's surface and traveled at a speed of around 100,000 mph (161,000
km/h).
"We'll see more of these as we head further into solar maximum," McCarthy
told Live Science at the time. The plasma plumes are also likely to get
"progressively larger," he added.
100萬英里長的等離子羽流
巨大的等離子羽流從太陽的一側伸出
2022 年 9 月 24 日，日冕物質拋射的著色合成圖像，長度約為 100 萬英里，遠離太陽
。（圖片來源：安德魯·麥卡錫）
太陽活動開始增強的最早跡象之一是2022 年 9 月日冕物質拋射後，一股巨大的等離子體
羽流發射到太空。
天體攝影師安德魯·麥卡錫在一張極其詳細的合成圖像中捕捉到了羽流，該圖像融合了數
十萬張單獨的照片。巨大的火柱到達太陽表面上方約100萬英里（160萬公里）處，並以約
100,000英里/小時（161,000公里/小時）的速度行進。
“當我們進一步進入太陽活動極大期時，我們將會看到更多這樣的現象，”麥卡錫當時告
訴《生活科學》。他補充說，等離子體羽流也可能變得“逐漸變大”。
5.完整新聞連結 (或短網址)不可用YAHOO、LINE、MSN等轉載媒體:
https://reurl.cc/51vajV
6.備註:
哇！超熱鬧的，
2025太陽活動極大期/同年日本邪神大集結魔界大轉世+2026/2027赤馬紅羊劫
https://disp.cc/b/Gossiping/gcPl
沒想到這連段技能挺流暢的
上次的遺跡倒是還在，包括皆神山以及葦嶽山金字塔、太古神都・十和田高原、
飛驒・位山王朝之巨石群跟七星山，好像也是差不多的地質大崩壞的留存遺跡。
http://newidea.org.tw/pdf/P15.pdf