https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-philosophy-god-knowledge-mitx-24-00x-1
Introduction to Philosophy: God, Knowledge and Consciousness
在這個MOOC中教授Caspar Hare扼要地介紹了the Problem of Evil與the Argument from
Evil 並說明了1個他認為最好的針對the Argument from Evil的不同意見(response)
註: The Argument from Evil是反對omniscient(全知)+omnibenevolent(全善)
+omnipotent(全能)的神存在的論證，故是反對某特定類型(或特定定義)的神的論證
首先，有意思地Caspar Hare給出全知全善全能的定義如下:
* A thing is omniscient when:
1. Everything that is true, it knows to be true.
2. Everything it believes to be true is true.
* A thing is omnibenevolent when:
1. For each of us, it wants us to be better off rather than worse off.
2. Given a choice between the world being better and worse, it always
wants the world to be better.
* A thing is omnipotent when:
1. Everything that it wants to be the case is the case.
2. If it were to want anything to be the case then it would be the case.
註: 我在Reddit上聽說有些基督教哲學家會反對其中幾種定義方式，我還搞不懂何故，
若有板友了解歡迎說明(同時指正Caspar Hare的定義)
其次，the Argument from Evil就是指如下:
[P1] Some terrible things happen (in the world).
[P2] If there were an omniscient, omnibenevolent, omnipotent God then no
terrible things would happen (in the world).
[ C] There is no omniscient, omnibenevolent, omnipotent God.
Caspar Hare說他認為最好的針對the Argument from Evil(或the Problem of
Evil)的不同意見為"There Is No Best Possible World"(以下節錄自Hare講課):
"...God, albeit that he was omniscient, omnibenevolent, and omnipotent, when
he was in a position to create universe [he] was in position like this. He
could choose any one of infinitely many possible worlds to create. And they're
arrayed in terms of how good they are, and there's always a better one. In that
kind of situation, the God with the magic three qualities just has to pick a
world and recognize that he could have picked a better one. That's just the
situation he was in. And so he picked this world, the world that we're in. And
yes, terrible things happen. The world would have been better if the terrible
things hadn't happened. But whatever world he created, he could have created
a better one. OK, so that is, as I say, probably the best response to
The Problem of Evil. It relies on this idea that there is no best possible
world."
SEP似乎已提供更專業系統性的說明:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/#NoBesAllPosWorRes
我有空研讀消化後再編輯本文補充